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Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrate chains (glycans), forming one of the most abundant and functionally diverse…
Cadherin
Cadherins are a superfamily of calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules that mediate homophilic interactions between adjacent cells. As key components of…
Laminin
Laminins are a family of large, multidomain glycoproteins that are critical components of the basement membrane, a specialized sheet-like form…
Fibronectin
Fibronectin is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, growth,…
β-Catenin
β-Catenin is a multifunctional protein that plays central roles in both cell–cell adhesion and gene transcription. It is encoded by…
CagA Structure
Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), encoded by Helicobacter pylori, is one of the bacterium’s most potent virulence factors. It plays a…
Cell Culture: Timeline of Key Events
Cell culture has progressed from simple tissue maintenance to a fundamental technology driving advances in biology, medicine, and biotechnology. This…
Deoxyribose Vs Ribose
Criteria Deoxyribose Ribose Remarks Definition A five-carbon (pentose) sugar lacking an oxygen atom at the 2′ carbon position A five-carbon…
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the hereditary material in living organisms, containing the genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction….
Molecular Biology Lab Notes
Nucleic Acid Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleotides vs Ribonucleotides DNA Synthesis (Replication) and RNA Synthesis (Transcription) RNA Synthesis (Transcription) Vs Protein…
Cell Biology Lab Notes
Cell Prokaryotic Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell Nucleus Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Centrosome Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisome Flagellum Nucleoplasm …
Animal Cell
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells that form the basic structural units of animal tissues and organs. Unlike plant cells, they…
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic cells are the simplest and most ancient form of cellular life, represented by bacteria and archaea. These microscopic organisms…
Deoxyribonucleotides vs Ribonucleotides
Criteria Deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) Ribonucleotides (NTPs) Remarks Definition Monomeric units of DNA, consisting of a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate…
DNA Synthesis (Replication) and RNA Synthesis (Transcription)
Criteria DNA Synthesis (Replication) RNA Synthesis (Transcription) Remarks Definition Process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its…