Lab Notes: Physiology Archives - Laboratory Notes https://www.laboratorynotes.com/category/lab-notes-physiology/ Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:30:35 +0000 en hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.1.1 Physiology https://www.laboratorynotes.com/physiology/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/physiology/#comments Sat, 05 Sep 2026 09:47:59 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30471 Physiology is the branch of biology that studies how living organisms and their parts function. Explore cellular, molecular, human, animal, plant, comparative, exercise, environmental, and clinical physiology, along with homeostasis, regulation, adaptation, and physiological processes.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/physiology/feed/ 1 Glycogen Metabolism https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glycogen-metabolism/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glycogen-metabolism/#respond Fri, 04 Sep 2026 10:19:37 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30353 Glycogen metabolism is the coordinated process through which glucose is stored as glycogen and released when energy or glucose is required. Glycogenesis produces glycogen during periods of nutrient availability, while glycogenolysis mobilizes stored glucose during fasting, exercise, and increased energy demand. The liver uses glycogen mainly to support blood glucose homeostasis, whereas skeletal muscle glycogen provides fuel for muscle activity. Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cellular energy status, and metabolic signaling pathways regulate these processes.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glycogen-metabolism/feed/ 0 Energy Metabolism https://www.laboratorynotes.com/energy-metabolism/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/energy-metabolism/#respond Fri, 04 Sep 2026 10:04:59 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30385 Energy metabolism allows cells to convert carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into usable energy. Explore ATP production, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, glycogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, mitochondria, insulin signaling, AMPK, and metabolic flexibility.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/energy-metabolism/feed/ 0 Hyperinsulinemia https://www.laboratorynotes.com/hyperinsulinemia/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/hyperinsulinemia/#respond Fri, 04 Sep 2026 10:04:03 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30345 Hyperinsulinemia is a condition characterized by elevated circulating insulin levels. It commonly develops as a compensatory response to insulin resistance, allowing the pancreas to produce more insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis. Understanding hyperinsulinemia provides insight into insulin signaling, glucose and lipid metabolism, obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/hyperinsulinemia/feed/ 0 Glucose Metabolism https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glucose-metabolism/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glucose-metabolism/#respond Fri, 04 Sep 2026 09:48:14 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30349 Glucose metabolism is a central component of human energy metabolism that controls how glucose is absorbed, transported, used, stored, and produced. It includes glycolysis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and mitochondrial oxidation. These pathways are regulated by insulin, glucagon, nutrient availability, exercise, and energy status and are closely connected with insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glucose-metabolism/feed/ 0 Muscle Metabolism https://www.laboratorynotes.com/muscle-metabolism/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/muscle-metabolism/#respond Thu, 03 Sep 2026 23:35:08 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30382 Muscle metabolism determines how skeletal muscle produces, stores, and uses energy during rest and exercise. Explore ATP production, muscle glycogen, glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial metabolism, amino acid metabolism, insulin signaling, AMPK, muscle protein synthesis, and metabolic flexibility.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/muscle-metabolism/feed/ 0 Muscle Glycogen https://www.laboratorynotes.com/muscle-glycogen/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/muscle-glycogen/#respond Thu, 03 Sep 2026 22:46:03 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30378 Muscle glycogen provides skeletal muscle with a readily available source of carbohydrate energy during exercise and daily activity. Discover how glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, insulin signaling, GLUT4, nutrition, and exercise regulate muscle glycogen storage and utilization.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/muscle-glycogen/feed/ 0 Glycogenin https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glycogenin/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glycogenin/#respond Thu, 03 Sep 2026 21:52:56 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30373 Glycogenin is a specialized protein that initiates glycogen synthesis by creating a short glucose primer through self-glucosylation. The glycogenin-linked primer allows glycogen synthase to extend glucose chains, while the glycogen branching enzyme creates the α-1,6 linkages that produce mature glycogen. GYG1 and related glycogenin proteins are therefore important for glycogen structure, glucose storage, liver and muscle metabolism, and normal energy regulation.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/glycogenin/feed/ 0 Nitrogen Metabolism https://www.laboratorynotes.com/nitrogen-metabolism/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/nitrogen-metabolism/#respond Thu, 03 Sep 2026 12:17:38 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30362 Nitrogen metabolism is a network of biological and biochemical processes that control how nitrogen is obtained, transformed, incorporated into biomolecules, and eliminated. Explore its major pathways and their roles in organisms and ecosystems.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/nitrogen-metabolism/feed/ 0 Hypoglycemia https://www.laboratorynotes.com/hypoglycemia/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/hypoglycemia/#respond Tue, 23 Sep 2025 21:15:24 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=26199 The post Hypoglycemia appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/hypoglycemia/feed/ 0 Calvin-Benson Cycle https://www.laboratorynotes.com/calvin-benson-cycle/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/calvin-benson-cycle/#respond Mon, 04 Aug 2025 21:50:39 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22894 The post Calvin-Benson Cycle appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/calvin-benson-cycle/feed/ 0 Vitamin A Deficiency https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-a-deficiency/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-a-deficiency/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 23:23:38 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22723 The post Vitamin A Deficiency appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-a-deficiency/feed/ 0 Scurvy https://www.laboratorynotes.com/scurvy/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/scurvy/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 21:45:14 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22709 The post Scurvy appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/scurvy/feed/ 0 Ascorbic acid https://www.laboratorynotes.com/ascorbic-acid/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/ascorbic-acid/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 21:39:59 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22707 The post Ascorbic acid appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/ascorbic-acid/feed/ 0 Vitamin C https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-c/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-c/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 21:33:18 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22705 The post Vitamin C appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-c/feed/ 0 Pellagra https://www.laboratorynotes.com/pellagra/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/pellagra/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 17:16:02 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22697 The post Pellagra appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/pellagra/feed/ 0 Cobalamin https://www.laboratorynotes.com/cobalamin/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/cobalamin/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 17:01:19 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22692 The post Cobalamin appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/cobalamin/feed/ 0 Vitamin B9 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-b9/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-b9/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 16:54:09 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22690 The post Vitamin B9 appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-b9/feed/ 0 Folic Acid https://www.laboratorynotes.com/folic-acid/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/folic-acid/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 16:51:30 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22688 The post Folic Acid appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/folic-acid/feed/ 0 Vitamin H https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-h/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/vitamin-h/#respond Sat, 02 Aug 2025 16:46:47 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=22686 The post Vitamin H appeared first on Laboratory Notes.

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