DNA repair Archives - Laboratory Notes

Helicase

admin — Thu, 17 Sep 2026 21:01:12 +0000

Helicases are ATP-dependent molecular machines that unwind and remodel DNA and RNA. Explore their functions in DNA replication, repair, recombination, transcription, RNA metabolism, genetics, disease, and biotechnology.

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Repeat Expansion Mutation

admin — Wed, 16 Sep 2026 11:07:31 +0000

Repeat expansions are genetic mutations in which repeated DNA sequences increase in length. Learn about their types, causes, genetic instability, anticipation, associated disorders, diagnosis, and molecular effects.

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Insertion and Deletion Mutation (Indels)

admin — Wed, 16 Sep 2026 10:04:14 +0000

Insertions and deletions, or indels, are genetic changes involving added or removed DNA nucleotides. Learn how they cause frameshift and in-frame mutations and affect genes, proteins, genetic disorders, and cancer.

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Causes of Genetic Disorders

admin — Wed, 16 Sep 2026 07:40:45 +0000

Genetic disorders can result from DNA mutations, chromosome abnormalities, inherited variants, de novo mutations, mitochondrial changes, epigenetic mechanisms, and interactions between genes and the environment.

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Ligases

admin — Mon, 14 Sep 2026 22:06:39 +0000

Ligases are enzymes that join DNA, RNA, and other biological molecules by forming new chemical bonds. Explore their roles in DNA replication, repair, recombination, genetics, molecular cloning, diagnostics, and biotechnology.

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Mutation

admin — Sun, 13 Sep 2026 12:02:54 +0000

Mutations are changes in DNA sequence that can influence genes, genetic variation, disease, and evolution. Learn about substitutions, insertions, deletions, frameshift mutations, somatic and germline mutations, DNA repair, cancer mutations, and genome stability.

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Protein ADP-Ribosylation

admin — Sat, 29 Aug 2026 22:52:25 +0000

Protein ADP-ribosylation is an important post-translational modification that uses NAD+ to regulate proteins and cellular pathways. Explore mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation, PARP enzymes, DNA repair, chromatin regulation, cancer, metabolism, inflammation, and cell death.

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Protein SUMOylation

admin — Sat, 29 Aug 2026 20:26:55 +0000

Protein SUMOylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein activity, localization, stability, molecular interactions, gene expression, DNA repair, and cellular stress responses. Learn about SUMO proteins, Ubc9, SUMO ligases, SENPs, SUMO–ubiquitin crosstalk, and SUMO proteomics.

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DNA Damage Response

admin — Sat, 29 Aug 2026 09:41:29 +0000

The DNA damage response is a cellular defense system that detects DNA damage, coordinates repair, regulates cell-cycle checkpoints, and protects the stability of the genome.

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ATM

admin — Sat, 29 Aug 2026 09:13:43 +0000

ATM is a key protein kinase in the DNA damage response. Discover how it detects DNA double-strand breaks, activates signaling pathways, regulates the cell cycle, and helps maintain genome stability.

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ATR

admin — Sat, 29 Aug 2026 09:13:25 +0000

ATR is a key protein kinase that protects cells from replication stress and DNA damage. Explore how ATR detects single-stranded DNA, stabilizes replication forks, activates CHK1, and maintains genome stability.

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BRCA1

admin — Fri, 28 Aug 2026 17:53:46 +0000

BRCA1 is a central tumour‑suppressor protein that regulates homologous recombination, DNA end resection and checkpoint signalling. By coordinating high‑fidelity DNA repair and protecting replication forks, BRCA1 maintains genome stability and prevents oncogenic transformation.

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NBS1

admin — Fri, 28 Aug 2026 17:31:05 +0000

NBS1, also known as nibrin or NBN, is the regulatory subunit of the MRN complex, the master sensor of DNA...

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RAD50

admin — Fri, 28 Aug 2026 12:08:41 +0000

RAD50 is the structural architect of the MRN complex and an essential stabiliser of DNA double‑strand breaks. Through ATP‑dependent conformational changes and zinc‑hook‑mediated DNA tethering, RAD50 coordinates MRE11 and NBS1 to ensure accurate DNA repair and maintain genome stability.

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MRE11

admin — Fri, 28 Aug 2026 12:04:21 +0000

MRE11 is the core nuclease of the MRN complex and a master regulator of DNA double‑strand break repair. By initiating DNA end resection, activating ATM signalling and stabilising damaged chromosomes, MRE11 plays a central role in maintaining genome stability and preventing chromosomal instability.

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MRN Complex

admin — Fri, 28 Aug 2026 11:57:05 +0000

The MRN complex, composed of MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1, is the primary sensor of DNA double‑strand breaks and a central regulator of genome stability. By activating ATM, initiating homologous recombination and stabilising damaged chromosomes, MRN safeguards cells against genomic instability and disease.

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DNA Damage Response Pathways

admin — Fri, 28 Aug 2026 06:16:01 +0000

ATM, ATR, DNA-PK, and p53 are key regulators of the DNA damage response. Learn how these pathways detect DNA damage, coordinate repair, control the cell cycle, and protect genome stability.

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DNA-PK

admin — Fri, 28 Aug 2026 06:12:14 +0000

DNA-PK is a key component of the DNA damage response that helps repair DNA double-strand breaks through the non-homologous end joining pathway and supports genome stability.

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Single‑Chain RING Finger Ubiquitin Ligase

admin — Sun, 23 Aug 2026 14:53:13 +0000

Single‑chain RING finger ubiquitin ligases form an important subgroup of E3 enzymes within the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Unlike multi‑subunit Cullin–RING ligases,...

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Genomic Instability

admin — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 06:21:08 +0000

Genomic instability describes the increased tendency of cells to accumulate genetic alterations due to failures in DNA repair, replication fidelity, and chromosome segregation. It plays a central role in cancer development, ageing, and hereditary disorders.

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