Post-translational modifications Archives - Laboratory Notes https://www.laboratorynotes.com/tag/post-translational-modifications/ Fri, 25 Sep 2026 11:13:29 +0000 en hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.1.2 RING E3 Ligase Regulation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/ring-e3-ligase-regulation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/ring-e3-ligase-regulation/#respond Fri, 25 Sep 2026 11:13:29 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=31996 RING E3 ligase regulation involves phosphorylation, ubiquitination, protein interactions, oligomerization, cellular localization, and signaling pathways that control E3 activity and substrate specificity.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/ring-e3-ligase-regulation/feed/ 0 Protein Sulfation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-sulfation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-sulfation/#respond Mon, 31 Aug 2026 09:36:18 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30139 Protein sulfation is an important modification that regulates protein interactions, cell adhesion, extracellular signaling, immune responses, coagulation, and tissue organization. Explore tyrosine sulfation, glycosaminoglycan sulfation, sulfotransferases, PAPS, and their roles in health and disease.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-sulfation/feed/ 0 Post-Translational Modifications in Cell-Cycle Regulation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-cell-cycle-regulation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-cell-cycle-regulation/#respond Mon, 31 Aug 2026 09:29:07 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30113 Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of cell-cycle progression. Learn how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and other PTMs control CDKs, cyclins, checkpoints, DNA replication, mitosis, and protein degradation.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-cell-cycle-regulation/feed/ 0 Protein Neddylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-neddylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-neddylation/#respond Mon, 31 Aug 2026 09:20:29 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30131 Protein neddylation is an important post-translational modification involving the attachment of NEDD8 to target proteins. Learn how neddylation regulates cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases, protein degradation, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular signaling, and cancer biology.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-neddylation/feed/ 0 Protein Hydroxylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-hydroxylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-hydroxylation/#respond Mon, 31 Aug 2026 09:16:44 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30137 Protein hydroxylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein structure, stability, folding, molecular interactions, and cellular signaling. Explore proline, lysine, and asparagine hydroxylation, collagen maturation, oxygen sensing, HIF signaling, and disease.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-hydroxylation/feed/ 0 Post-Translational Modifications in Cell Migration https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-cell-migration/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-cell-migration/#respond Mon, 31 Aug 2026 09:15:56 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30116 Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of cell migration. Discover how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and lipid modifications control cytoskeletal dynamics, focal adhesions, cell polarity, and cancer invasion.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-cell-migration/feed/ 0 Post-Translational Modifications in Apoptosis https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-apoptosis/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-apoptosis/#respond Mon, 31 Aug 2026 09:12:58 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30118 Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of apoptosis. Learn how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and other PTMs control p53, BCL-2 proteins, caspases, mitochondrial apoptosis, and cell survival.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modifications-in-apoptosis/feed/ 0 Protein Nitrosylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-nitrosylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-nitrosylation/#respond Mon, 31 Aug 2026 09:03:07 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30141 Protein nitrosylation is an important redox-dependent post-translational modification, with S-nitrosylation regulating cysteine residues and influencing protein activity, signaling, metabolism, mitochondrial function, immunity, and disease.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-nitrosylation/feed/ 0 Protein Carbonylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-carbonylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-carbonylation/#respond Mon, 31 Aug 2026 07:02:39 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30143 Protein carbonylation is an important oxidative post-translational modification associated with reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, protein damage, aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and disease. Learn how carbonylated proteins form, affect cellular function, and are detected.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-carbonylation/feed/ 0 Protein Deamidation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-deamidation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-deamidation/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 23:15:40 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30151 Protein deamidation is a chemical modification in which asparagine or glutamine residues are converted into acidic amino acids. Learn how deamidation affects protein structure, stability, aging, proteostasis, disease, and therapeutic proteins.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-deamidation/feed/ 0 Protein Citrullination https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-citrullination/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-citrullination/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 23:11:33 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30149 Protein citrullination is a calcium-dependent post-translational modification that converts arginine into citrulline. Explore PAD enzymes, histone citrullination, NETosis, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmunity, cancer, and citrullination proteomics.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-citrullination/feed/ 0 Protein ADP-Ribosylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-adp-ribosylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-adp-ribosylation/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 22:52:25 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30145 Protein ADP-ribosylation is an important post-translational modification that uses NAD+ to regulate proteins and cellular pathways. Explore mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation, PARP enzymes, DNA repair, chromatin regulation, cancer, metabolism, inflammation, and cell death.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-adp-ribosylation/feed/ 0 Protein Glycosylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-glycosylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-glycosylation/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 21:50:51 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30133 Protein glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein folding, stability, localization, trafficking, cell recognition, signaling, and immune function. Explore N-linked and O-linked glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycosyltransferases, glycoproteomics, and disease.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-glycosylation/feed/ 0 Protein Lipidation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-lipidation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-lipidation/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 21:34:46 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30135 Protein lipidation is an important post-translational modification in which lipid groups are attached to proteins to regulate membrane targeting, localization, stability, trafficking, signaling, and protein interactions. Learn about myristoylation, palmitoylation, prenylation, GPI anchoring, and cholesterol modification.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-lipidation/feed/ 0 Protein SUMOylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-sumoylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-sumoylation/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 20:26:55 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30128 Protein SUMOylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein activity, localization, stability, molecular interactions, gene expression, DNA repair, and cellular stress responses. Learn about SUMO proteins, Ubc9, SUMO ligases, SENPs, SUMO–ubiquitin crosstalk, and SUMO proteomics.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-sumoylation/feed/ 0 Protein Methylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-methylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-methylation/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 20:16:27 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30126 Protein methylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein function, chromatin structure, gene expression, signaling, and cellular metabolism. Learn about lysine and arginine methylation, methyltransferases, demethylases, histone methylation, methylproteomics, and disease.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-methylation/feed/ 0 Protein Acetylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-acetylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-acetylation/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 20:10:43 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30123 Protein acetylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein activity, stability, localization, interactions, gene expression, and metabolism. Learn about lysine acetylation, acetyltransferases, deacetylases, histone acetylation, acetylomics, and the role of acetylation in disease.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-acetylation/feed/ 0 Protein Phosphorylation https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-phosphorylation/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-phosphorylation/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 17:40:43 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30120 Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates protein activity, stability, localization, interactions, and cellular signaling. Learn about protein kinases, phosphatases, phosphorylation sites, signaling pathways, phosphoproteomics, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic applications.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/protein-phosphorylation/feed/ 0 Post-Translational Modification https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modification/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modification/#respond Sat, 29 Aug 2026 14:36:13 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=30110 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are biochemical changes that occur during or after protein synthesis and regulate protein structure, activity, stability, localization, interactions, and degradation. This overview introduces the major types of PTMs, their biological functions, mechanisms, role in disease, and methods used to study protein modifications.

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]]> https://www.laboratorynotes.com/post-translational-modification/feed/ 0 Translation (Protein synthesis) https://www.laboratorynotes.com/translation-protein-synthesis/ https://www.laboratorynotes.com/translation-protein-synthesis/#comments Sat, 12 Apr 2025 08:24:14 +0000 https://www.laboratorynotes.com/?p=17705 Translation is the process by which ribosomes decode mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins. Learn about the genetic code, codons, tRNA, ribosomes, initiation, elongation, termination, protein folding, and translation regulation.

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