Category: Database: Gene/Protein

Proline is an important amino acid involved in collagen formation, protein structure, connective tissue metabolism and cellular function. Learn about its functions, potential benefits, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

Methionine is an essential sulphur-containing amino acid involved in protein synthesis, methylation, metabolism and the production of important compounds such as S-adenosylmethionine, cysteine and glutathione.

Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid that supports protein synthesis and muscle metabolism while also acting as a nutrient signal. Explore its roles in mTORC1 signaling, BCAA metabolism, energy metabolism, autophagy, exercise, aging, and metabolic health.

Serine is a naturally occurring amino acid involved in protein synthesis, cellular metabolism, nervous-system function, membrane biology, and nucleotide production. Learn about its functions, sources, metabolism, and importance for human health.

Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid involved in protein synthesis and the production of tyrosine, which contributes to important metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways. Learn about its functions, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

Isoleucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid involved in protein synthesis, muscle metabolism and energy production. Learn about its functions, potential benefits, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

Valine is an essential branched-chain amino acid involved in protein synthesis, muscle metabolism and energy production. Learn about valine’s functions, potential benefits, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

ATF6 is an ER stress‑responsive transcription factor that enhances protein‑folding capacity and strengthens ER‑associated degradation. After trafficking to the Golgi and undergoing regulated proteolysis, ATF6 activates genes that restore ER proteostasis during unfolded protein accumulation.

ATM is a key protein kinase in the DNA damage response. Discover how it detects DNA double-strand breaks, activates signaling pathways, regulates the cell cycle, and helps maintain genome stability.

ATR is a key protein kinase that protects cells from replication stress and DNA damage. Explore how ATR detects single-stranded DNA, stabilizes replication forks, activates CHK1, and maintains genome stability.

BRCA1 is a central tumour‑suppressor protein that regulates homologous recombination, DNA end resection and checkpoint signalling. By coordinating high‑fidelity DNA repair and protecting replication forks, BRCA1 maintains genome stability and prevents oncogenic transformation.

NBS1, also known as nibrin or NBN, is the regulatory subunit of the MRN complex, the master sensor of DNA…

RAD50 is the structural architect of the MRN complex and an essential stabiliser of DNA double‑strand breaks. Through ATP‑dependent conformational changes and zinc‑hook‑mediated DNA tethering, RAD50 coordinates MRE11 and NBS1 to ensure accurate DNA repair and maintain genome stability.

MRE11 is the core nuclease of the MRN complex and a master regulator of DNA double‑strand break repair. By initiating DNA end resection, activating ATM signalling and stabilising damaged chromosomes, MRE11 plays a central role in maintaining genome stability and preventing chromosomal instability.

The MRN complex, composed of MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1, is the primary sensor of DNA double‑strand breaks and a central regulator of genome stability. By activating ATM, initiating homologous recombination and stabilising damaged chromosomes, MRN safeguards cells against genomic instability and disease.