Category: Lab Notes: Molecular Biology
Autoradiography
Autoradiography is a powerful technique used to detect and visualize molecules that have been labeled with radioactive isotopes. The method…
DNA Primer
A DNA primer is a short, synthetic strand of single-stranded DNA, usually between 15 and 30 nucleotides in length, that…
DNA Lesion
DNA lesions are structural alterations or damages in the DNA molecule that disrupt its normal integrity, stability, or coding potential….
Depurination
Depurination is a common type of DNA damage in which a purine base—adenine (A) or guanine (G)—is removed from the…
DNA Denaturation
DNA denaturation refers to the process in which the double-stranded structure of DNA unwinds and separates into two single strands…
Deoxynucleotides Vs Dideoxynucleotides
Criteria Deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) Dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) Remarks Definition Natural building blocks of DNA consisting of a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, and…
Nucleic Acid Polarity
Nucleic acid polarity refers to the inherent directionality of nucleic acid molecules such as DNA and RNA, which arises from…
3′ Hydroxyl Group: Key to DNA and RNA Synthesis
The 3′ hydroxyl group (-OH) is a critical chemical feature of the deoxyribose sugar in DNA and the ribose sugar…
Frederick Sanger
Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) was a pioneering British biochemist whose groundbreaking contributions to molecular biology earned him the rare distinction of…
Polyelectrolyte
Polyelectrolytes are a class of polymers that carry a high density of ionizable groups along their backbone, which can dissociate…
Lipid
Lipids are a diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are primarily hydrophobic or amphipathic in nature. They include…
Biopolymer
Biopolymers are naturally occurring macromolecules composed of repeating structural units produced by living organisms. They are the fundamental building blocks…
Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a very large molecule composed of thousands, sometimes millions, of atoms, typically formed by the polymerization of…
Milestones in Molecular Biology: The Evolution of Molecular Tools
The development of molecular tools has transformed biology from a descriptive science into a precise, technology-driven discipline. Each breakthrough has…
Molecular Tool
Molecular tools are a broad set of techniques and technologies used to analyze, manipulate, and understand biological molecules such as…