Category: Lab Notes: Cancer Biology

Protein oxidation is an important form of protein modification caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Explore its mechanisms, oxidized amino acids, carbonylation, structural effects, detection methods, biological significance, and applications.

Protein sulfation is an important modification that regulates protein interactions, cell adhesion, extracellular signaling, immune responses, coagulation, and tissue organization. Explore tyrosine sulfation, glycosaminoglycan sulfation, sulfotransferases, PAPS, and their roles in health and disease.

Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of cell-cycle progression. Learn how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and other PTMs control CDKs, cyclins, checkpoints, DNA replication, mitosis, and protein degradation.

Protein neddylation is an important post-translational modification involving the attachment of NEDD8 to target proteins. Learn how neddylation regulates cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases, protein degradation, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular signaling, and cancer biology.

Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of cell migration. Discover how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and lipid modifications control cytoskeletal dynamics, focal adhesions, cell polarity, and cancer invasion.

Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of apoptosis. Learn how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and other PTMs control p53, BCL-2 proteins, caspases, mitochondrial apoptosis, and cell survival.

Protein carbonylation is an important oxidative post-translational modification associated with reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, protein damage, aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and disease. Learn how carbonylated proteins form, affect cellular function, and are detected.

Protein cross-linking is a versatile technique used to create covalent connections within or between proteins. Explore its principles, cross-linkers, methods, applications, characterization techniques, advantages, limitations, and emerging developments.

Protein pyroglutamate formation is an N-terminal post-translational modification that affects protein stability, peptide maturation, degradation, aggregation, and biological activity.

Protein lipidation is an important post-translational modification in which lipid groups are attached to proteins to regulate membrane targeting, localization, stability, trafficking, signaling, and protein interactions. Learn about myristoylation, palmitoylation, prenylation, GPI anchoring, and cholesterol modification.

Protein methylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein function, chromatin structure, gene expression, signaling, and cellular metabolism. Learn about lysine and arginine methylation, methyltransferases, demethylases, histone methylation, methylproteomics, and disease.

Protein acetylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein activity, stability, localization, interactions, gene expression, and metabolism. Learn about lysine acetylation, acetyltransferases, deacetylases, histone acetylation, acetylomics, and the role of acetylation in disease.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are biochemical changes that occur during or after protein synthesis and regulate protein structure, activity, stability, localization, interactions, and degradation. This overview introduces the major types of PTMs, their biological functions, mechanisms, role in disease, and methods used to study protein modifications.

Apoptosis is a controlled form of programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation. Through coordinated activation of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, apoptosis maintains tissue homeostasis and protects organisms from disease.

Necroptosis is a regulated necrotic cell‑death pathway driven by RIPK1–RIPK3–MLKL signalling. Through membrane permeabilisation and inflammatory activation, necroptosis eliminates infected or damaged cells when apoptosis is blocked, shaping immunity and disease progression.