Category: Database

Post‑micturition dribble (PMD) is a frequently overlooked urinary symptom in which small amounts of urine leak after a person finishes urinating. Although not medically dangerous, PMD can be uncomfortable and socially inconvenient. It often results from residual urine trapped in the urethra, pelvic floor weakness, or functional changes in the urinary tract. This article provides a concise overview of the major aspects of PMD, each of which will be expanded into detailed articles later.

Proline is an important amino acid involved in collagen formation, protein structure, connective tissue metabolism and cellular function. Learn about its functions, potential benefits, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

Methionine is an essential sulphur-containing amino acid involved in protein synthesis, methylation, metabolism and the production of important compounds such as S-adenosylmethionine, cysteine and glutathione.

Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid that supports protein synthesis and muscle metabolism while also acting as a nutrient signal. Explore its roles in mTORC1 signaling, BCAA metabolism, energy metabolism, autophagy, exercise, aging, and metabolic health.

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that plays a central role in glucose homeostasis and whole-body metabolism. It regulates glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, energy storage, and nutrient sensing while interacting with hormones such as glucagon and incretins. Understanding insulin provides a foundation for understanding insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne bacterium that can cause listeriosis, a serious infection that can be particularly dangerous for pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Learn about Listeria, contaminated foods, symptoms, transmission, testing, food safety, treatment, and prevention.

Helicases are ATP-dependent molecular machines that unwind and remodel DNA and RNA. Explore their functions in DNA replication, repair, recombination, transcription, RNA metabolism, genetics, disease, and biotechnology.

Genetic disorders are conditions caused by changes in genes, chromosomes, or other genetic material. Explore their causes, inheritance patterns, diagnosis, treatment, and importance in genetics and life science.

Ligases are enzymes that join DNA, RNA, and other biological molecules by forming new chemical bonds. Explore their roles in DNA replication, repair, recombination, genetics, molecular cloning, diagnostics, and biotechnology.

Hyperinsulinemia is a condition characterized by elevated circulating insulin levels. It commonly develops as a compensatory response to insulin resistance, allowing the pancreas to produce more insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis. Understanding hyperinsulinemia provides insight into insulin signaling, glucose and lipid metabolism, obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes.

Liver glycogen helps maintain blood glucose by storing glucose after meals and releasing it during fasting. Discover how glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, insulin, glucagon, glucose-6-phosphatase, and hepatic metabolism regulate liver glycogen.

Muscle glycogen provides skeletal muscle with a readily available source of carbohydrate energy during exercise and daily activity. Discover how glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, insulin signaling, GLUT4, nutrition, and exercise regulate muscle glycogen storage and utilization.

Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) is an activated glucose donor that plays a central role in glycogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism. It is formed from glucose-1-phosphate and UTP and supplies glucose residues used by glycogenin and glycogen synthase during glycogen formation. UDP-glucose also participates in nucleotide-sugar metabolism, glycosylation, UDP-glucuronic acid production, and glucuronidation, linking glucose metabolism with several important cellular biosynthetic pathways.

The glycogen branching enzyme, encoded by the GBE1 gene, is essential for producing the highly branched structure of glycogen. It creates α-1,6 glycosidic linkages between glucose chains, working together with glycogenin and glycogen synthase during glycogenesis. Proper glycogen branching allows efficient glucose storage and mobilization in the liver and skeletal muscle. Defects in GBE1 can cause glycogen storage disease type IV, highlighting the importance of glycogen structure in normal metabolism.

Serine is a naturally occurring amino acid involved in protein synthesis, cellular metabolism, nervous-system function, membrane biology, and nucleotide production. Learn about its functions, sources, metabolism, and importance for human health.