Category: Database

Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid involved in protein synthesis and the production of tyrosine, which contributes to important metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways. Learn about its functions, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

Isoleucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid involved in protein synthesis, muscle metabolism and energy production. Learn about its functions, potential benefits, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

Valine is an essential branched-chain amino acid involved in protein synthesis, muscle metabolism and energy production. Learn about valine’s functions, potential benefits, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

Alanine is an important amino acid involved in protein formation, energy metabolism, muscle function, glucose regulation and nitrogen transport. Learn about alanine’s functions, food sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and scientific research.

Glycine is one of the most important amino acids in the human body. Learn about its biological functions, potential health benefits, dietary sources, supplementation, dosage, safety and the latest areas of scientific research.

ATF6 is an ER stress‑responsive transcription factor that enhances protein‑folding capacity and strengthens ER‑associated degradation. After trafficking to the Golgi and undergoing regulated proteolysis, ATF6 activates genes that restore ER proteostasis during unfolded protein accumulation.

ATM is a key protein kinase in the DNA damage response. Discover how it detects DNA double-strand breaks, activates signaling pathways, regulates the cell cycle, and helps maintain genome stability.

ATR is a key protein kinase that protects cells from replication stress and DNA damage. Explore how ATR detects single-stranded DNA, stabilizes replication forks, activates CHK1, and maintains genome stability.

BRCA1 is a central tumour‑suppressor protein that regulates homologous recombination, DNA end resection and checkpoint signalling. By coordinating high‑fidelity DNA repair and protecting replication forks, BRCA1 maintains genome stability and prevents oncogenic transformation.

NBS1, also known as nibrin or NBN, is the regulatory subunit of the MRN complex, the master sensor of DNA…

RAD50 is the structural architect of the MRN complex and an essential stabiliser of DNA double‑strand breaks. Through ATP‑dependent conformational changes and zinc‑hook‑mediated DNA tethering, RAD50 coordinates MRE11 and NBS1 to ensure accurate DNA repair and maintain genome stability.

MRE11 is the core nuclease of the MRN complex and a master regulator of DNA double‑strand break repair. By initiating DNA end resection, activating ATM signalling and stabilising damaged chromosomes, MRE11 plays a central role in maintaining genome stability and preventing chromosomal instability.

The MRN complex, composed of MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1, is the primary sensor of DNA double‑strand breaks and a central regulator of genome stability. By activating ATM, initiating homologous recombination and stabilising damaged chromosomes, MRN safeguards cells against genomic instability and disease.

RIPK1 is a central signalling kinase that determines whether a cell survives, undergoes apoptosis or triggers necroptosis. Through context‑dependent interactions with TNFR1, caspase‑8, RIPK3 and MLKL, RIPK1 integrates inflammatory cues and stress signals to regulate cell fate.

DNA-PK is a key component of the DNA damage response that helps repair DNA double-strand breaks through the non-homologous end joining pathway and supports genome stability.