Category: Lab Notes: Genetics

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process that changes RNA sequences after transcription. Explore A-to-I and C-to-U editing, ADAR and APOBEC enzymes, RNA regulation, gene expression, disease, and RNA-based therapeutic applications.

RNA modifications are chemical changes made to RNA molecules after or during their synthesis that can influence RNA structure, stability,…

Alternative splicing allows cells to produce multiple RNA transcripts and protein isoforms from a single gene. Learn how exon skipping, alternative splice sites, splicing factors, and the spliceosome regulate gene expression and contribute to development, disease, and therapeutic applications.

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short RNA molecules that silence specific genes by guiding RNA-induced silencing complexes toward complementary messenger RNAs. Learn how Dicer, Argonaute, and RISC mediate gene knockdown and how siRNA is used in research, functional genomics, and RNA therapeutics.

Genetic variation describes differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. Explore mutations, SNPs, insertions and deletions, copy number variation, structural variants, genetic recombination, inheritance, disease, adaptation, and evolution.

Mutations are changes in DNA sequence that can influence genes, genetic variation, disease, and evolution. Learn about substitutions, insertions, deletions, frameshift mutations, somatic and germline mutations, DNA repair, cancer mutations, and genome stability.

Epigenetics is the regulation of gene activity without changing the underlying DNA sequence. Explore DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, epigenetic inheritance, development, cancer, and modern epigenomic technologies.

Gene regulation controls when, where, and how strongly genes are expressed. Explore transcription factors, promoters, enhancers, chromatin, epigenetics, RNA processing, translation, and protein regulation.

Gene-tree/species-tree reconciliation compares gene trees with species trees to reconstruct evolutionary events such as gene duplication and gene loss. Learn the principles, workflow, applications, limitations, and role of reconciliation in comparative genomics and phylogenetics.

Gene duplication and gene loss are major forces in genome evolution. Discover how duplication creates new gene copies, how gene loss reshapes genomes, and how these processes influence gene families and functional diversification.

Gene family expansion and contraction describe changes in the number of related genes across evolutionary lineages. Learn how gene duplication, gene loss, functional diversification, phylogenetics, synteny, and comparative genomics help explain gene family evolution.

Gene family clustering groups related genes or proteins using sequence similarity, graph-based methods, hierarchical clustering, orthology, and phylogenetics. Learn the major approaches and their applications in comparative genomics.

Phylogenetic analysis of homologous genes helps reconstruct evolutionary relationships among genes and gene families. Learn about sequence selection, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic methods, evolutionary models, branch support, gene trees, and major applications in comparative genomics.

Gene families are groups of related genes that share a common evolutionary origin. Learn how gene duplication, gene loss, orthology, paralogy, and functional diversification shape gene families and genome evolution.

Learn how gene families are identified using sequence similarity, protein domains, motifs, clustering, orthology, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetics, and genomic context.