Tag: Autophagy

Hydrolytic enzymes catalyse the breakdown of macromolecules by adding water to chemical bonds. Found in lysosomes, digestive organs and immune cells, they degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. Their activity maintains cellular homeostasis, supports nutrient acquisition and protects against pathogens, while dysregulation contributes to metabolic and degenerative diseases.

Autophagosomes are double‑membrane vesicles that capture cytoplasmic material for lysosomal degradation. Formed from expanding phagophores and marked by LC3 lipidation, autophagosomes are central to autophagy, enabling cells to recycle nutrients, remove damaged organelles and maintain homeostasis. Their dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative, metabolic and cancerous diseases.

The autophagy-lysosome pathway is the cell’s primary degradation and recycling system, responsible for clearing damaged proteins, dysfunctional organelles, and intracellular pathogens. Dysfunction in this pathway has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic syndromes. This article explores how the process works, its role in disease prevention, and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting this vital cellular mechanism.

Protein degradation is a vital cellular process that removes damaged or unnecessary proteins to maintain homeostasis. This article explains the ubiquitin–proteasome system, autophagy, and their roles in cellular regulation and disease.

Picric acid (C6H3N3O7) is an organic compound of four elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen. The molecular weight of Picric acid is 229.10422 which can be calculated by adding up the total weight (atomic weight multiplied by their number) of all its elements.