Tag: Citric acid cycle

NAD⁺ and NADH are essential coenzymes that transfer electrons during metabolism. Learn their structure, functions, roles in cellular respiration, ATP production, redox reactions, and biological regulation.

Energy metabolism allows cells to convert carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into usable energy. Explore ATP production, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, glycogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, mitochondria, insulin signaling, AMPK, and metabolic flexibility.

Metabolic disorders occur when biochemical pathways responsible for processing nutrients and generating energy become disrupted. These conditions may involve defects in glycolysis, fatty‑acid oxidation, mitochondrial function or endocrine signalling. Their consequences range from mild metabolic imbalance to severe systemic disease, affecting growth, neurological function and long‑term health.