Gene-tree/species-tree reconciliation compares gene trees with species trees to reconstruct evolutionary events such as gene duplication and gene loss. Learn the principles, workflow, applications, limitations, and role of reconciliation in comparative genomics and phylogenetics.
Phylogenetic analysis of homologous genes helps reconstruct evolutionary relationships among genes and gene families. Learn about sequence selection, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic methods, evolutionary models, branch support, gene trees, and major applications in comparative genomics.
Gene families are groups of related genes that share a common evolutionary origin. Learn how gene duplication, gene loss, orthology, paralogy, and functional diversification shape gene families and genome evolution.
Orthogroups are groups of genes descended from a common ancestral gene across a selected set of species. Learn how orthogroups relate to gene families, orthologs, paralogs, sequence similarity, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics.
Synteny analysis compares the organization of genes across genomes. Learn how conserved gene order, genomic neighborhoods, and syntenic blocks help study orthologs, gene duplication, gene loss, and genome evolution.
Orthology inference identifies evolutionary relationships between genes using sequence similarity, gene families, phylogenetics, synteny, and computational methods. Learn the major approaches and their limitations.
Reciprocal Best BLAST Hits (RBH) provide a simple approach for identifying candidate orthologs between organisms. Learn how reciprocal BLAST works, how to interpret results, and why RBH does not always prove orthology.
Learn the GenBank submission process, including sequence preparation, metadata, annotation, validation, accession numbers, data release, and common submission mistakes.
Orthologs are homologous genes that diverged following speciation. Learn what orthologs are, how they differ from paralogs, and why they are important in comparative genomics, evolution, and genome annotation.
GenBank and RefSeq are important NCBI sequence resources with different purposes. Learn how their records, curation, redundancy, accession numbers, and applications differ.
Explore the history of GenBank through major database releases, from its early sequence records in 1982 to today’s massive collection of nucleotide sequence data.
GenBank, DDBJ, and ENA form the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). Learn how these databases exchange sequence data and maintain international standards.
GenBank has expanded dramatically with the growth of genome sequencing and high-throughput biology. Explore GenBank statistics, database size, sequence records, nucleotide bases, WGS and TSA data, and historical database growth.
GenBank is widely used in bioinformatics and molecular biology for DNA sequence retrieval, sequence identification, gene annotation, comparative genomics, phylogenetic analysis, DNA barcoding, microbiology, and many other biological applications.
BLASTN is a nucleotide sequence similarity-searching tool used to compare DNA and RNA-derived sequences with nucleotide databases. Learn how BLASTN works, how to evaluate matches, and how it is used with GenBank.
Gene-tree/species-tree reconciliation compares gene trees with species trees to reconstruct evolutionary events such as gene duplication and gene loss. Learn the principles, workflow, applications, limitations, and role of reconciliation in comparative genomics and phylogenetics.
Phylogenetic analysis of homologous genes helps reconstruct evolutionary relationships among genes and gene families. Learn about sequence selection, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic methods, evolutionary models, branch support, gene trees, and major applications in comparative genomics.
Gene families are groups of related genes that share a common evolutionary origin. Learn how gene duplication, gene loss, orthology, paralogy, and functional diversification shape gene families and genome evolution.
Orthogroups are groups of genes descended from a common ancestral gene across a selected set of species. Learn how orthogroups relate to gene families, orthologs, paralogs, sequence similarity, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics.
Synteny analysis compares the organization of genes across genomes. Learn how conserved gene order, genomic neighborhoods, and syntenic blocks help study orthologs, gene duplication, gene loss, and genome evolution.
Orthology inference identifies evolutionary relationships between genes using sequence similarity, gene families, phylogenetics, synteny, and computational methods. Learn the major approaches and their limitations.
Reciprocal Best BLAST Hits (RBH) provide a simple approach for identifying candidate orthologs between organisms. Learn how reciprocal BLAST works, how to interpret results, and why RBH does not always prove orthology.
Learn the GenBank submission process, including sequence preparation, metadata, annotation, validation, accession numbers, data release, and common submission mistakes.
Orthologs are homologous genes that diverged following speciation. Learn what orthologs are, how they differ from paralogs, and why they are important in comparative genomics, evolution, and genome annotation.
GenBank and RefSeq are important NCBI sequence resources with different purposes. Learn how their records, curation, redundancy, accession numbers, and applications differ.
Explore the history of GenBank through major database releases, from its early sequence records in 1982 to today’s massive collection of nucleotide sequence data.
GenBank, DDBJ, and ENA form the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). Learn how these databases exchange sequence data and maintain international standards.
GenBank has expanded dramatically with the growth of genome sequencing and high-throughput biology. Explore GenBank statistics, database size, sequence records, nucleotide bases, WGS and TSA data, and historical database growth.
GenBank is widely used in bioinformatics and molecular biology for DNA sequence retrieval, sequence identification, gene annotation, comparative genomics, phylogenetic analysis, DNA barcoding, microbiology, and many other biological applications.
BLASTN is a nucleotide sequence similarity-searching tool used to compare DNA and RNA-derived sequences with nucleotide databases. Learn how BLASTN works, how to evaluate matches, and how it is used with GenBank.
