Tag: Mitochondria

Apoptosis is a controlled form of programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation. Through coordinated activation of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, apoptosis maintains tissue homeostasis and protects organisms from disease.

The oxidative stress response is a cellular defence system that neutralises reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restores redox balance. Through antioxidant enzymes, Nrf2‑mediated transcription, mitochondrial regulation and damage‑repair pathways, cells protect themselves from oxidative injury and maintain homeostasis.