Tag: Polyploidy

Chromosomal abnormalities are changes in chromosome number or structure that can affect genes, development, reproduction, and disease. Learn about their types, causes, effects, diagnosis, and genetic testing.

Endoreduplication is a specialised cell‑cycle variant in which cells repeatedly replicate their DNA without mitosis, producing polyploid nuclei. Driven by Cyclin E, CDK2, APC/C–Cdh1 and E2F7/8, this process enhances cell size, biosynthetic capacity and stress tolerance in plants, insects and mammalian tissues.