Tag: Post-translational modifications

Protein sulfation is an important modification that regulates protein interactions, cell adhesion, extracellular signaling, immune responses, coagulation, and tissue organization. Explore tyrosine sulfation, glycosaminoglycan sulfation, sulfotransferases, PAPS, and their roles in health and disease.

Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of cell-cycle progression. Learn how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and other PTMs control CDKs, cyclins, checkpoints, DNA replication, mitosis, and protein degradation.

Protein neddylation is an important post-translational modification involving the attachment of NEDD8 to target proteins. Learn how neddylation regulates cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases, protein degradation, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular signaling, and cancer biology.

Protein hydroxylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein structure, stability, folding, molecular interactions, and cellular signaling. Explore proline, lysine, and asparagine hydroxylation, collagen maturation, oxygen sensing, HIF signaling, and disease.

Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of cell migration. Discover how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and lipid modifications control cytoskeletal dynamics, focal adhesions, cell polarity, and cancer invasion.

Post-translational modifications are essential regulators of apoptosis. Learn how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and other PTMs control p53, BCL-2 proteins, caspases, mitochondrial apoptosis, and cell survival.

Protein nitrosylation is an important redox-dependent post-translational modification, with S-nitrosylation regulating cysteine residues and influencing protein activity, signaling, metabolism, mitochondrial function, immunity, and disease.

Protein carbonylation is an important oxidative post-translational modification associated with reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, protein damage, aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and disease. Learn how carbonylated proteins form, affect cellular function, and are detected.

Protein deamidation is a chemical modification in which asparagine or glutamine residues are converted into acidic amino acids. Learn how deamidation affects protein structure, stability, aging, proteostasis, disease, and therapeutic proteins.

Protein citrullination is a calcium-dependent post-translational modification that converts arginine into citrulline. Explore PAD enzymes, histone citrullination, NETosis, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmunity, cancer, and citrullination proteomics.

Protein ADP-ribosylation is an important post-translational modification that uses NAD+ to regulate proteins and cellular pathways. Explore mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation, PARP enzymes, DNA repair, chromatin regulation, cancer, metabolism, inflammation, and cell death.

Protein glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein folding, stability, localization, trafficking, cell recognition, signaling, and immune function. Explore N-linked and O-linked glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycosyltransferases, glycoproteomics, and disease.

Protein lipidation is an important post-translational modification in which lipid groups are attached to proteins to regulate membrane targeting, localization, stability, trafficking, signaling, and protein interactions. Learn about myristoylation, palmitoylation, prenylation, GPI anchoring, and cholesterol modification.

Protein SUMOylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein activity, localization, stability, molecular interactions, gene expression, DNA repair, and cellular stress responses. Learn about SUMO proteins, Ubc9, SUMO ligases, SENPs, SUMO–ubiquitin crosstalk, and SUMO proteomics.

Protein methylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates protein function, chromatin structure, gene expression, signaling, and cellular metabolism. Learn about lysine and arginine methylation, methyltransferases, demethylases, histone methylation, methylproteomics, and disease.