Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid found in nuts, seeds and vegetable oils. Learn about its sources, functions, metabolism and health effects.
Omega-6 fatty acids are important polyunsaturated fats found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds. Learn about linoleic acid, sources, functions and health effects.
Protein succinylation is a metabolic post-translational modification that connects succinyl-CoA metabolism with protein function, mitochondrial activity, epigenetic regulation, gene expression and cellular homeostasis.
Protein S-glutathionylation is a reversible cysteine modification that connects glutathione metabolism with redox signaling, oxidative stress responses, protein function, mitochondrial biology and disease.
Protein formylation is a chemical modification involved in bacterial and mitochondrial protein synthesis, protein maturation, innate immunity, inflammation and cellular signaling.
Protein lactylation is an emerging post-translational modification that connects lactate metabolism with protein regulation, gene expression, inflammation, cellular signaling and disease.
Protein citrullination is a calcium-dependent post-translational modification that converts arginine into citrulline. Explore PAD enzymes, histone citrullination, NETosis, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmunity, cancer, and citrullination proteomics.
Chronic inflammation is a long-lasting immune response that can affect tissues and contribute to various health conditions. Learn about its causes, symptoms, effects, diagnosis, and management.
Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-term response to injury or infection. Learn about its causes, symptoms, inflammatory cells, immune response, resolution, and role in healing.
Inflammation is a natural response to injury, infection, and other harmful stimuli. Learn about its types, causes, symptoms, immune mechanisms, healing, and effects on health.
Necroptosis is a regulated necrotic cell‑death pathway driven by RIPK1–RIPK3–MLKL signalling. Through membrane permeabilisation and inflammatory activation, necroptosis eliminates infected or damaged cells when apoptosis is blocked, shaping immunity and disease progression.
RIPK1 is a central signalling kinase that determines whether a cell survives, undergoes apoptosis or triggers necroptosis. Through context‑dependent interactions with TNFR1, caspase‑8, RIPK3 and MLKL, RIPK1 integrates inflammatory cues and stress signals to regulate cell fate.
RIPK3 is a central necroptotic kinase that phosphorylates MLKL and drives regulated necrotic cell death. Through necrosome formation with RIPK1 and activation of inflammatory signalling, RIPK3 shapes immunity, tissue injury and disease progression.
MLKL is the terminal effector of necroptosis. After phosphorylation by RIPK3, MLKL oligomerises and inserts into the plasma membrane, causing membrane rupture and release of inflammatory DAMPs. MLKL is essential for regulated necrotic cell death and immune activation.
The immune system is the body’s defense network against infections and harmful substances. Learn about its major components, immune cells, types of immunity, antibodies, inflammation, and immune memory.
Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid found in nuts, seeds and vegetable oils. Learn about its sources, functions, metabolism and health effects.
Omega-6 fatty acids are important polyunsaturated fats found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds. Learn about linoleic acid, sources, functions and health effects.
Protein succinylation is a metabolic post-translational modification that connects succinyl-CoA metabolism with protein function, mitochondrial activity, epigenetic regulation, gene expression and cellular homeostasis.
Protein S-glutathionylation is a reversible cysteine modification that connects glutathione metabolism with redox signaling, oxidative stress responses, protein function, mitochondrial biology and disease.
Protein formylation is a chemical modification involved in bacterial and mitochondrial protein synthesis, protein maturation, innate immunity, inflammation and cellular signaling.
Protein lactylation is an emerging post-translational modification that connects lactate metabolism with protein regulation, gene expression, inflammation, cellular signaling and disease.
Protein citrullination is a calcium-dependent post-translational modification that converts arginine into citrulline. Explore PAD enzymes, histone citrullination, NETosis, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmunity, cancer, and citrullination proteomics.
Chronic inflammation is a long-lasting immune response that can affect tissues and contribute to various health conditions. Learn about its causes, symptoms, effects, diagnosis, and management.
Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-term response to injury or infection. Learn about its causes, symptoms, inflammatory cells, immune response, resolution, and role in healing.
Inflammation is a natural response to injury, infection, and other harmful stimuli. Learn about its types, causes, symptoms, immune mechanisms, healing, and effects on health.
Necroptosis is a regulated necrotic cell‑death pathway driven by RIPK1–RIPK3–MLKL signalling. Through membrane permeabilisation and inflammatory activation, necroptosis eliminates infected or damaged cells when apoptosis is blocked, shaping immunity and disease progression.
RIPK1 is a central signalling kinase that determines whether a cell survives, undergoes apoptosis or triggers necroptosis. Through context‑dependent interactions with TNFR1, caspase‑8, RIPK3 and MLKL, RIPK1 integrates inflammatory cues and stress signals to regulate cell fate.
RIPK3 is a central necroptotic kinase that phosphorylates MLKL and drives regulated necrotic cell death. Through necrosome formation with RIPK1 and activation of inflammatory signalling, RIPK3 shapes immunity, tissue injury and disease progression.
MLKL is the terminal effector of necroptosis. After phosphorylation by RIPK3, MLKL oligomerises and inserts into the plasma membrane, causing membrane rupture and release of inflammatory DAMPs. MLKL is essential for regulated necrotic cell death and immune activation.
The immune system is the body’s defense network against infections and harmful substances. Learn about its major components, immune cells, types of immunity, antibodies, inflammation, and immune memory.
