Coiled-coils are versatile structural motifs formed by interacting α-helices. Learn about their structure, heptad repeats, protein interactions, oligomerization and roles in cellular processes.
COP1 is a key negative regulator of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Discover how the COP1/SPA ubiquitin ligase controls light-responsive development by regulating the stability of important transcription factors such as HY5.
HY5 is a central transcription factor in Arabidopsis photomorphogenesis. Discover how COP1/SPA regulates HY5 stability and how HY5 controls light-responsive gene expression, plant development, and photosynthetic responses.
RING E3 ligase complexes use adaptor proteins and substrate receptors to coordinate E2 recruitment, substrate recognition, ubiquitin transfer, cellular localization, and pathway-specific regulation.
RING E3 ligase oligomerization enables the formation of dimers, multimers, and higher-order complexes that regulate E2 recruitment, substrate recognition, ubiquitin transfer, autoubiquitination, and cellular signaling.
RING E3 ligase regulation involves phosphorylation, ubiquitination, protein interactions, oligomerization, cellular localization, and signaling pathways that control E3 activity and substrate specificity.
RING E3 ligase autoubiquitination provides an important mechanism for regulating E3 stability, activity, localization, and protein turnover through dynamic ubiquitin signaling.
Ubiquitin chain formation by RING E3 ligases generates diverse molecular signals that regulate protein degradation, cellular signaling, DNA damage responses, immunity, and protein homeostasis.
RING E3 ligases selectively recognize protein substrates through degrons, adaptor proteins, post-translational modifications, localization, and structural interactions that control ubiquitination.
The RING-E2 interaction is central to RING E3 ligase activity. Explore how RING domains bind E2 enzymes, position ubiquitin, and promote transfer to target proteins.
Tumorigenesis is the complex process through which normal cells acquire malignant characteristics. Explore the major genetic, epigenetic, cellular, metabolic, immunological, and environmental mechanisms involved in cancer development and progression.
Monkeys are diverse primates divided broadly into New World and Old World monkeys. Explore their characteristics, species, anatomy, diets, habitats, social behavior, adaptations, evolution, and conservation.
Primates are a diverse order of mammals that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. Explore their anatomy, behavior, diets, habitats, adaptations, evolutionary history, and conservation.
Mammalian orders organize the remarkable diversity of mammals according to evolutionary relationships. Explore primates, carnivores, rodents, bats, cetaceans, elephants, marsupial orders, and other major mammalian groups.
Placental mammals are the largest and most diverse group of living mammals, including primates, carnivores, rodents, bats, whales, elephants, horses, and many other animals. Learn about their reproduction, anatomy, adaptations, evolution, habitats, behavior, and ecological importance.
