Category: Lab Notes: Cell Biology
Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane Vs Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane
Criteria Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane Remarks Basic Composition Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; lacks sterols (except in Mycoplasma)…
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a central metabolic pathway…
Endosymbiosis Theory
The Endosymbiosis Theory explains the evolutionary origin of eukaryotic cells, particularly their organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. This fundamental…
Electron Transport Chain
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a crucial component of cellular energy production, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of…
Warm-Blooded Animal Mitochondria Vs Cold-Blooded Animal Mitochondria
Criteria Warm-Blooded Animal Mitochondria Cold-Blooded Animal Mitochondria Remarks Thermoregulation Found in animals that maintain a constant internal body temperature (e.g.,…
Animal Mitochondria Vs Plant Mitochondria
Criteria Animal Mitochondria Plant Mitochondria Remarks Cell Type Found in animal cells Found in plant cells Both are double-membraned organelles…
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a unique genetic material found within cellular organelles called mitochondria. Unlike nuclear DNA, mtDNA is circular…
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication occurs independently from nuclear DNA replication and can take place even in non-dividing cells. The process…
Kynurenine Pathway
The kynurenine pathway is the major metabolic pathway of tryptophan catabolism, accounting for approximately 95% of tryptophan metabolism in mammals….
Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase Vs Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase
Criteria Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase Remarks Number of RNA Polymerases Single type of RNA polymerase Three main types:…
Exosomes
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm in diameter) released by most cell types that play crucial roles in intercellular…
Subcellular Localization of SHP-2
SHP-2 is primarily a cytoplasmic protein but exhibits dynamic subcellular localization depending on signaling events. It contains two SH2 domains…
NF-κB Pathway
The NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa B) pathway is a key mediator of inflammatory and immune responses, as well as cell…
Wnt Signaling
Wnt signaling is a highly conserved pathway that plays crucial roles in development, stem cell maintenance, and tissue homeostasis. The…
TGF-β Signaling
TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) signaling regulates diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production. The pathway operates…