Category: Lab Notes: Environmental Science

The biosphere is the global ecological system that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with the lithosphere (land), hydrosphere…

The carbon cycle is a fundamental biogeochemical process that describes the continuous movement of carbon atoms through the Earth’s atmosphere,…

The biological pump is a crucial natural process within the Earth’s carbon cycle, responsible for the transport of carbon from…

Flights are becoming increasingly bumpier, and this trend is not merely anecdotal—it’s supported by growing scientific evidence. The primary reason…

Bathymetry is the scientific study and mapping of the seafloor’s depth and topography, much like topography does for land surfaces….

A dust storm is a meteorological phenomenon characterized by strong winds that lift large quantities of dust and sand into…

A blizzard is a severe and dangerous winter storm marked by heavy snowfall, strong winds, and significantly reduced visibility.  Unlike…

A hailstorm is a severe weather phenomenon characterized by the sudden and intense fall of hailstones—balls or irregular lumps of…

A drought is a prolonged period of below-average precipitation that leads to a shortage of water. It is a slow-onset…

A cold wave is a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a sudden and significant drop in temperature over a short period,…

A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, often accompanied by high humidity, especially in regions where…

A solar flare is a sudden, intense explosion of energy originating from the Sun’s atmosphere. These powerful events occur when…

Cyclones are powerful atmospheric vortices characterized by a low-pressure center surrounded by circular fluid motion and inward-spiraling winds. These complex…

A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground, characterized by its…

A mudslide, also known as a mudflow, is a type of landslide that occurs when a mixture of water, soil,…