- Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in maintaining cellular energy production and overall metabolic health. It serves as a precursor for two important coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
- These coenzymes are essential for various oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions that occur during cellular respiration, particularly in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Riboflavin is also involved in the conversion of other B vitamins, such as vitamin B6 and folate, into their active forms and helps maintain the health of skin, eyes, and the nervous system.
- Because the human body cannot store large amounts of riboflavin, it must be consumed regularly through the diet. Riboflavin is found in a wide variety of foods, particularly in animal products such as milk, eggs, lean meats, and organ meats (like liver). It is also present in green leafy vegetables, almonds, mushrooms, and fortified cereals and grains. Riboflavin is sensitive to light, and its content in foods can degrade upon prolonged exposure to sunlight, which is why milk is often sold in opaque containers.
- Riboflavin deficiency, although relatively uncommon in developed countries, can occur due to poor dietary intake, chronic alcoholism, or certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism and chronic malabsorption disorders. The condition resulting from riboflavin deficiency is known as ariboflavinosis, which is characterized by a range of symptoms including sore throat, redness and swelling of the mouth and throat, cracks and sores at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis), inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), and a scaly, greasy rash on the face and genital area. In severe or prolonged cases, neurological symptoms such as fatigue and mood changes may also be present.
- Riboflavin also has antioxidant properties through its role in the regeneration of glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant. This function contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress and supports the immune system. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that riboflavin may play a role in reducing the frequency and intensity of migraines in some individuals, possibly by improving mitochondrial energy efficiency in brain cells.
- Riboflavin is generally considered safe even at high intakes, as excess amounts are excreted in the urine, often giving it a bright yellow color—an effect that is harmless and commonly noted after supplementation. Because of its involvement in so many physiological processes, riboflavin is a vital nutrient for maintaining energy levels, skin integrity, and overall metabolic function. Ensuring sufficient intake through a balanced diet or supplementation in at-risk groups is important for preventing deficiency and supporting long-term health.
