- Sertoli cells, also known as “nurse cells” or “sustentacular cells,” are essential somatic cells located within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. These large, columnar epithelial cells extend from the base of the seminiferous tubule to its lumen and play a crucial role in supporting spermatogenesis and maintaining male reproductive function. Their discovery is credited to Enrico Sertoli, who first described them in 1865.
- The primary function of Sertoli cells is to nurture and support developing sperm cells throughout their maturation process. They create the blood-testis barrier (BTB), also known as the Sertoli cell barrier, which physically separates the seminiferous tubule into basal and adluminal compartments. This barrier provides an immune-privileged environment essential for proper sperm development and protects developing germ cells from autoimmune responses.
- Sertoli cells secrete numerous proteins, growth factors, and hormones that regulate spermatogenesis. These include androgen-binding protein (ABP), inhibin, activin, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and various other regulatory molecules. They also provide nutritional support to developing sperm cells by secreting transferrin, lactate, and pyruvate, which serve as energy sources for developing germ cells.
- These cells play a crucial role in phagocytosis, removing defective sperm cells and residual bodies left behind during spermiogenesis. They also respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone, which regulate their function and, consequently, the entire spermatogenic process. The cells express FSH receptors and androgen receptors, making them key mediators of hormonal signaling in the testis.
- Sertoli cells undergo significant changes during development and puberty. In immature testes, they produce AMH, which is responsible for regression of the Müllerian ducts during male sexual differentiation. As development progresses, their function shifts to supporting spermatogenesis. The number of Sertoli cells established during perinatal and prepubertal development determines the adult testicular size and sperm production capacity.
- Dysfunction of Sertoli cells can lead to various reproductive disorders. Their proper function is essential for male fertility, and any disruption in their development or function can result in spermatogenic failure and infertility. Research continues to reveal new aspects of Sertoli cell biology, particularly their role in maintaining testicular immune privilege and their potential applications in reproductive medicine and fertility treatments.
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