Language disorders encompass a diverse group of conditions that impair the comprehension, expression, and use of spoken, written, or gestural language. These disorders may be developmental, such as Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), or acquired, like aphasia following brain injury. They include expressive and receptive deficits, mixed impairments, and specific syndromes such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, and apraxia of speech. Etiologies range from genetic and neurodevelopmental factors to trauma and degenerative disease. Accurate diagnosis and early intervention are critical for improving communication outcomes and quality of life.
Speech Production Disorders
- Anarthria: Complete loss of speech due to motor impairment
- Dysarthria: Slurred or slow speech caused by muscle weakness
- Dysglossia: Speech impairment due to structural defects in the speech organs
- Apraxia of Speech: Difficulty planning and coordinating the movements needed for speech
Comprehension Disorders
- Agnosia: Inability to interpret sensory information, including language
- Asemia: Inability to understand or express signs and symbols
- Asymbolia: Difficulty understanding symbols or gestures
Speech and Fluency Disorders
- Aphasia: Impaired ability to speak, understand, read, or write due to brain damage
- Dysphasia: Partial loss of language abilities
- Schizophasia: Disorganized speech often seen in schizophrenia
- Logorrhea: Excessive and often incoherent talking
- Paraphasia: Substitution of incorrect words or sounds
Prosody and Intonation Disorders
- Aprosodia: Inability to convey or interpret emotional tone in speech
- Dysprosody: Abnormal rhythm and intonation of speech
Reading and Writing Disorders
- Alexia: Inability to read
- Dyslexia: Difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and decoding
- Agraphia: Inability to write
- Dysgraphia: Difficulty with writing, spelling, or handwriting
- Paragraphia: Writing incorrect words or letters
Naming and Recall Disorders
- Anomia: Difficulty recalling names of objects or people
- Dysnomia: Trouble retrieving words
Motor and Coordination Disorders
- Apraxia: Inability to perform purposeful movements
- Dyspraxia: Poor coordination and motor planning
Other Notable Disorders
- Alalia: Absence or delay of speech
- Dyslalia: Difficulty articulating sounds
- Coprolalia: Involuntary use of obscene words
- Echolalia: Repetition of another person’s spoken words
- Glossolalia: Speaking in tongues or nonsensical speech
- Palilalia: Repetition of one’s own words
- Alogia: Poverty of speech, often seen in psychiatric conditions
- Aphonia: Loss of voice
- Dysphonia: Difficulty producing vocal sounds
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