- Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin essential for the synthesis and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
- Its name derives from the Greek word “pantothen,” meaning “from everywhere,” which reflects its widespread presence in both plant and animal-based foods.
- Pantothenic acid is a key component of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP), both of which are critical to numerous biochemical reactions, especially those involved in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), fatty acid oxidation, and the synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones, and neurotransmitters.
- Once ingested, pantothenic acid is absorbed in the small intestine and converted into its active form, CoA. Coenzyme A is indispensable for acyl-group transfers, making it central to energy production and lipid metabolism. For example, CoA is needed for the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids, the metabolism of amino acids, and the production of acetyl-CoA, a molecule essential for cellular respiration and the generation of ATP—life’s fundamental energy currency.
- Pantothenic acid is found in a wide variety of foods, which makes deficiency rare in individuals with a balanced diet. Rich sources include liver, kidney, egg yolks, meats, mushrooms, avocados, legumes, and whole grains. It is also found in smaller amounts in many vegetables and dairy products. However, because it is sensitive to processing, some food refinement and cooking methods can reduce its content significantly.
- Although pantothenic acid deficiency is uncommon, it may occur in individuals with severe malnutrition or in those with absorption disorders. Experimentally induced deficiency has been associated with symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, numbness, muscle cramps, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal discomfort, and a condition known as “burning feet syndrome,” characterized by a sensation of heat or tingling in the feet. These symptoms reflect the vitamin’s broad role in nerve function, energy metabolism, and tissue repair.
- In addition to its metabolic roles, pantothenic acid may contribute to wound healing and skin health. Some studies suggest that it supports epithelial function and repair, which has led to its inclusion in certain skincare products, often in the form of panthenol, a stable alcohol derivative that converts to pantothenic acid in the skin. Panthenol is commonly used in moisturizers, shampoos, and topical treatments for minor wounds and irritation.
- Pantothenic acid has a very low toxicity profile, and no upper intake level (UL) has been established due to the lack of evidence for adverse effects, even at high supplemental doses. That said, extremely large doses (several grams per day) may occasionally cause mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or nausea.
