Category: Lab Notes: Molecular Biology
2µ Plasmid
The 2µ plasmid, also called 2-µm plasmid, is a naturally occurring, circular DNA molecule found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). …
Ti Plasmid
The Ti plasmid, or tumor-inducing plasmid, is an extrachromosomal DNA molecule found naturally in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This bacterium is infamous…
Natural Hosts of Plasmids Across Life Domains
Plasmids occur naturally in a variety of hosts, primarily bacteria but also archaea and eukaryotes. In bacteria, plasmids are often…
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is a crucial biological molecule that plays essential roles in gene expression, protein synthesis, and cellular regulation….
Nitrogenous Bases
Nitrogenous bases are fundamental components of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), playing a crucial role in storing and transmitting genetic…
Transcription (RNA synthesis)
Transcription is the fundamental biological process where genetic information stored in DNA is copied into RNA. This essential first step…
Translation (Protein synthesis)
Translation is the biological process where genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to synthesize proteins. This process…
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a key molecule in gene expression that carries genetic information from DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery…
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a crucial adapter molecule in protein synthesis that bridges the gap between messenger RNA (mRNA) and…
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the core component of ribosomes, the cellular machines responsible for protein synthesis. These highly abundant RNA…
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are essential biomolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information in all living organisms. These…
Deoxyribose Vs Ribose
Criteria Deoxyribose Ribose Remarks Definition A five-carbon (pentose) sugar lacking an oxygen atom at the 2′ carbon position A five-carbon…
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the hereditary material in living organisms, containing the genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction….
dCas9 (Endonuclease Dead Cas9)
dCas9 is a mutated version of Cas 9 that lacks endonuclease activity (Endonuclease dead Cas9). It is created by point…
Targeting RNA using CRISPR-Cas
The following CRISPR-Cas systems can be used to target and modify RNA in cells. The following Cas proteins can recognize…