- Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound with the molecular formula (CH₃)₂SO.
- It is a clear, colorless, and hygroscopic liquid that has gained widespread use in both industrial and laboratory settings due to its exceptional solvent properties.
- DMSO is highly polar and aprotic, allowing it to dissolve a wide range of polar and nonpolar compounds.
- Its chemical structure consists of a sulfur atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to two methyl groups, giving it a relatively high dielectric constant and strong ability to stabilize charged species in solution.
- One of the most notable features of DMSO is its ability to penetrate biological membranes. This unique property has made it valuable in biomedical research, particularly as a vehicle for drug delivery and in cryopreservation protocols.
- In cell culture and stem cell storage, DMSO is commonly used as a cryoprotectant to prevent the formation of ice crystals that could damage cellular structures during freezing and thawing processes. However, its membrane-penetrating ability also means it can carry other chemicals into cells or tissues, which necessitates caution when handling it, especially in biological experiments.
- DMSO also has therapeutic properties that have been explored in clinical contexts.
- It exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and has been used to treat conditions such as interstitial cystitis. Nevertheless, its clinical use remains limited and sometimes controversial due to concerns about toxicity and side effects.
- When applied topically or inhaled, DMSO can cause a distinctive garlic-like taste or odor, which results from its metabolism to dimethyl sulfide in the body.
- From a safety perspective, while DMSO is considered to have relatively low acute toxicity, its ability to rapidly absorb through the skin and carry solubilized substances into the bloodstream requires careful handling.
- Protective gloves and clothing are essential when working with DMSO to avoid unintentional exposure.
- It should be stored in well-sealed containers, away from heat and oxidizing agents, as it is hygroscopic and can react with certain materials under specific conditions.
