- Hyaluronic acid (HA), also known as hyaluronan, is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan—a type of long-chain sugar molecule—found abundantly in the human body, particularly in connective tissues, skin, eyes, and synovial fluid.
- It plays a crucial role in maintaining hydration, lubrication, and tissue integrity due to its remarkable ability to bind and retain water molecules—up to 1,000 times its weight in water. This property makes it essential for maintaining moisture in the skin, cushioning joints, and supporting wound healing and tissue repair.
- In the skin, hyaluronic acid is a key component of the extracellular matrix, helping to keep the skin plump, smooth, and elastic. However, as we age, natural HA levels decrease, leading to dryness, fine lines, and reduced skin elasticity. This has made hyaluronic acid a popular ingredient in skincare and dermatology, where it is used in moisturizers, serums, and injectable dermal fillers to restore volume and hydration. Topical formulations of HA hydrate the outer layer of the skin, while injectable forms—such as those used in aesthetic treatments—can provide temporary volumizing and wrinkle-smoothing effects.
- In the medical field, hyaluronic acid is widely used for its biocompatibility and lubricating properties. It is commonly administered via injection to treat osteoarthritis, particularly in the knee, where it supplements joint lubrication and may reduce pain and improve mobility. Ophthalmic surgeons use HA during eye surgeries, such as cataract removal, to maintain eye shape and protect delicate tissues. Additionally, it is used in wound dressings to promote faster healing, reduce inflammation, and support tissue regeneration.
- Hyaluronic acid is produced both naturally and synthetically. Commercially, it is often obtained through microbial fermentation using bacteria such as Streptococcus zooepidemicus, followed by purification to ensure safety for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Its versatility and minimal risk of allergic reactions have led to widespread use across various fields, from cosmetics and orthopedics to ophthalmology and tissue engineering.
- Recent research has also explored HA’s potential in drug delivery systems and regenerative medicine due to its biodegradable, non-immunogenic nature and ability to interact with cell receptors. Its use in hydrogel scaffolds and bioengineered tissues continues to grow, highlighting its role in advancing biomedical innovation.
