- Myrmica rubra, commonly known as the common red ant or European fire ant, is a widespread and adaptable ant species native to Europe and parts of Asia. This resilient insect has also become invasive in regions of North America, where it thrives in diverse habitats, including meadows, gardens, and forests. Known for its aggressive behavior and ecological significance, Myrmica rubra is both a fascinating and formidable species.
- It moves with purposeful determination, its reddish-brown body glinting in the sunlight. Measuring about 3.5–5.5 millimeters in length, these ants are small but highly organized, forming colonies that can include tens of thousands of individuals.
- The common red ant’s most striking features include its reddish coloration, slightly darker pigmentation on the head, and its stinger, which it uses for defense. Unlike some other ant species, Myrmica rubra does not spray formic acid but relies on its sting to deter predators and threats. This species is omnivorous, feeding on honeydew from aphids, pollen, and small invertebrates, making it an important part of its ecosystem.
- Myrmica rubra colonies are polygynous, meaning they can have multiple queens—sometimes up to 100 per nest. These queens establish nests together after nuptial flights, forming large, interconnected colonies. The species is also polydomous, with colonies often consisting of multiple nest sites. Nuptial flights typically occur in late summer, when winged males and queens take to the air to mate.
- The life cycle of Myrmica rubra is closely tied to its environment. Queens can live up to 15 years, while workers have shorter lifespans. The larvae of certain butterfly species, such as the Alcon blue (Phengaris alcon), rely on Myrmica rubra as their primary host, highlighting the ant’s ecological importance.
- Despite its benefits in nutrient cycling and pest control, Myrmica rubra can become a nuisance due to its aggressive behavior and tendency to invade human spaces. Conservation efforts focus on managing its populations in non-native regions while appreciating its role in native ecosystems.
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