- Solanine is a naturally occurring glycoalkaloid, a type of toxic chemical compound produced by certain plants, primarily in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), as a defense against pests, pathogens, and environmental stress.
- Solanine is a steroidal glycoalkaloid, structurally composed of a hydrophobic alkaloid core (solanidine) bonded to one or more sugar (glycoside) groups, which enhance its solubility and biological activity. It is typically found in plants of the Solanaceae family, including tomatoes, eggplants, and nightshade species, where it concentrates in areas of active growth or stress, such as leaves, stems, unripe fruits, or sprouts. Its bitter taste serves as a natural deterrent to herbivores and humans. Solanine levels vary depending on plant species, environmental factors like light exposure, and physiological conditions like injury or disease, with higher concentrations often in green or developing tissues.
- The primary role of solanine is to protect plants from threats, such as insects, fungi, and other pathogens, by disrupting cellular processes in predators. In humans and animals, solanine is toxic when consumed in significant amounts, causing a range of symptoms. Mild effects include gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, typically appearing within hours of ingestion. In rare, severe cases, higher doses can lead to neurological symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, confusion, or, extremely rarely, more serious complications. Toxicity thresholds vary, but doses of 1–3 mg/kg of body weight are considered potentially harmful, with effects depending on individual sensitivity and the amount ingested.
- Solanine is not significantly degraded by cooking, as it is heat-stable, though some reduction may occur with boiling or processing. To avoid toxicity, it’s critical to handle and consume solanaceous plants carefully, avoiding unripe, green, or damaged parts where solanine concentrates. Beyond its role in plant defense, solanine has attracted research interest for potential pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, or anticancer effects, due to its ability to disrupt cell membranes and metabolic pathways. However, these applications are still experimental and not widely implemented. Proper storage of solanaceous crops (in cool, dark, dry conditions) helps minimize solanine production and associated risks.
