- Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a molecular formula of C21H39N7O12 and a molecular mass of 581.57 g/mol. Its structure features a central 2-deoxystreptamine ring linked to two amino sugars (streptose and N-methyl-L-glucosamine), which are critical for its antibacterial activity. This structural configuration classifies it as a member of the aminoglycoside family and distinguishes it from other classes of antibiotics.
- The antibiotic exerts its bactericidal action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It specifically binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering with the initiation complex and causing misreading of the mRNA template. This results in the incorporation of incorrect amino acids into the growing peptide chain, leading to the production of nonfunctional proteins and ultimately bacterial cell death. Streptomycin’s ability to disrupt the bacterial cell membrane further enhances its bactericidal effects.
- Streptomycin demonstrates broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae (e.g., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus species), and is particularly effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, making it a key component of first-line tuberculosis (TB) therapy. It is also effective against some gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, though its use for gram-positive infections is limited due to the availability of safer alternatives.
- The pharmacokinetic profile of streptomycin includes poor oral bioavailability, necessitating administration via intramuscular or intravenous routes for systemic infections. It achieves widespread tissue distribution, with particularly high concentrations in the kidneys and inner ear, contributing to its nephrotoxic and ototoxic potential. Streptomycin is not metabolized significantly and is excreted almost entirely unchanged in the urine, with a half-life of 2 to 5 hours in patients with normal renal function. Dosage adjustments are required in patients with impaired kidney function to avoid toxicity.
- Despite its efficacy, streptomycin is associated with significant adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (both auditory and vestibular), and neuromuscular blockade. These side effects limit its use to severe infections, such as tuberculosis and certain gram-negative infections, where other less toxic antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.
Disclaimer: While we strive to continuously improve and update our content, we cannot guarantee its accuracy or completeness. Please note that the content is continuously evolving, and updates may not reflect the most current information. The information contained on this website is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered as professional advice. We disclaim any liability for any loss or damage resulting from the use of the information provided herein. Always consult qualified professionals for specific guidance and verify any critical information before relying on it. Read more
