- Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is a highly corrosive and dense mineral acid, known for its strong acidic and dehydrating properties. It is a colorless to slightly yellow, viscous liquid that is highly soluble in water, releasing a large amount of heat during dilution. Chemically, sulfuric acid is a diprotic acid, meaning it can donate two protons (H⁺), and it plays a central role in both industrial chemistry and laboratory applications.
- One of the most important uses of sulfuric acid is in the production of fertilizers, particularly phosphate fertilizers such as superphosphate and ammonium sulfate. It is also a critical component in the manufacture of chemicals, including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and various sulfate salts. Additionally, sulfuric acid is used in petroleum refining, metal processing, battery acid (especially in lead-acid batteries), textile production, and water treatment.
- In laboratory contexts, sulfuric acid is employed as a strong acid catalyst in dehydration, hydrolysis, and esterification reactions. It is used to digest samples for elemental analysis, and in biochemical protocols that require protein hydrolysis or nucleic acid denaturation. In the Biuret and Lowry protein assays, sulfuric acid may be used in preparation of reagents or sample treatment, though it is more common in broader analytical chemistry settings.
- Sulfuric acid’s reactivity and oxidizing power make it extremely hazardous. It causes severe burns upon contact with skin or mucous membranes, and inhalation of its vapors or aerosols can damage the respiratory tract. Its strong exothermic reaction with water necessitates careful handling during dilution—always add acid to water, never the reverse—to prevent splattering or boiling.
- Environmentally, improper disposal of sulfuric acid can lead to soil and water acidification, harming aquatic life and altering ecosystem balance. Therefore, strict regulatory and containment measures are followed during its use, transport, and disposal.
- In summary, sulfuric acid is one of the most widely used and essential industrial chemicals, playing a foundational role in manufacturing, chemical processing, and scientific research. Despite its utility, its corrosiveness and potential for severe injury demand rigorous safety practices and responsible management.
