- Xylitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol (polyol) widely used as a low-calorie sweetener in foods, dental products, and pharmaceuticals. Chemically, it has the formula C₅H₁₂O₅ and is classified as a pentitol, meaning it has five carbon atoms and five hydroxyl groups. It is roughly as sweet as sucrose (table sugar) but contains about 40% fewer calories, providing around 2.4 kcal/g compared to sugar’s 4 kcal/g. Xylitol is found naturally in small amounts in many fruits and vegetables, such as berries, plums, corn husks, oats, and mushrooms, and is also produced by the human body as a part of normal carbohydrate metabolism.
- In the food industry, xylitol is primarily used as a sugar substitute in sugar-free chewing gum, mints, candies, baked goods, and diabetic-friendly foods. Because it does not require insulin for metabolism, it has a low glycemic index (approximately 7) and is considered suitable for people with diabetes. It does not cause rapid spikes in blood glucose levels, making it a preferred sweetener in many low-carb or ketogenic diets. Additionally, xylitol has a cooling sensation in the mouth due to its endothermic dissolution, which is often exploited in confections and oral hygiene products.
- One of the most well-established benefits of xylitol is its anticariogenic (anti-cavity) property. Unlike sucrose, xylitol cannot be metabolized by Streptococcus mutans, the primary bacteria responsible for tooth decay. As a result, xylitol reduces acid production in the mouth, inhibits bacterial adhesion to tooth surfaces, and may even contribute to remineralization of enamel. Regular use of xylitol-containing chewing gum or toothpaste has been shown to reduce the incidence of dental caries, making it a common ingredient in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and chewing gums recommended by dental professionals.
- In pharmaceuticals, xylitol is used as a sweetening and bulking agent in lozenges, syrups, and chewable tablets. Its pleasant taste and non-cariogenic nature make it ideal for pediatric and dental formulations. It is also used as a moisturizing agent or humectant in skincare products and nasal sprays due to its ability to attract and retain moisture.
- Despite its benefits for humans, xylitol is highly toxic to dogs, even in small amounts. In canines, xylitol triggers a rapid release of insulin, leading to a dangerous drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia), seizures, liver failure, and potentially death. This has led to widespread warnings and labeling requirements to prevent accidental pet ingestion.
- Xylitol is generally well tolerated in humans when consumed in moderate amounts. However, as with other sugar alcohols, excessive intake can lead to gastrointestinal side effects, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea, due to its incomplete absorption in the small intestine and fermentation by gut bacteria in the colon. These effects are dose-dependent and vary between individuals.
