- Acute gastritis is a condition characterized by the sudden onset of inflammation in the lining of the stomach (gastric mucosa). This inflammation can cause a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, bloating, and in some cases, gastrointestinal bleeding. The condition can develop rapidly and may be either mild and self-limiting or more severe, requiring medical intervention.
- The causes of acute gastritis are diverse and often involve exposure to irritants or injury to the stomach lining. One of the most common causes is the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and aspirin, which inhibit the protective prostaglandins in the stomach lining. Other significant contributors include excessive alcohol consumption, stress (especially in hospitalized or critically ill patients), smoking, and ingestion of corrosive substances. Acute gastritis can also result from infections, particularly with Helicobacter pylori, which disrupts the mucosal barrier and induces an inflammatory response.
- In some cases, acute gastritis may be part of a broader systemic illness or result from autoimmune reactions, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the stomach lining. Stress-related mucosal damage, often referred to as “stress ulcers,” is another form of acute gastritis seen in patients with severe injuries, burns, or major surgery, where reduced blood flow to the stomach and increased acid secretion contribute to mucosal breakdown.
- Diagnosis of acute gastritis is based on clinical history, physical examination, and, when necessary, diagnostic tools such as endoscopy, which can reveal redness, erosions, or ulcers in the gastric lining. Laboratory tests, including a complete blood count, stool tests for occult blood, and testing for H. pylori, may also be used to support the diagnosis and identify underlying causes.
- Treatment of acute gastritis focuses on removing the offending agent, reducing gastric acidity, and promoting mucosal healing. Patients are typically advised to stop taking NSAIDs or other irritants, avoid alcohol and smoking, and follow a bland diet. Medications such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2-receptor antagonists, and antacids can help reduce acid secretion and relieve symptoms. If an H. pylori infection is present, a combination of antibiotics and acid-suppressing drugs (triple therapy) is used to eradicate the bacteria.
- In most cases, acute gastritis resolves with appropriate treatment and lifestyle modifications. However, if left untreated or if the underlying cause persists, it may progress to chronic gastritis or lead to complications such as gastric ulcers or bleeding. Therefore, early recognition and management are essential for a favorable outcome.
