- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of medications widely used to reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and lower fever. They are commonly prescribed or available over-the-counter for conditions such as headaches, muscle aches, arthritis, menstrual cramps, and minor injuries.Â
- NSAIDs work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, particularly COX-1 and COX-2. These enzymes play a critical role in the production of prostaglandins—chemical messengers that promote inflammation, pain, and fever. By reducing prostaglandin levels, NSAIDs help alleviate symptoms without directly addressing the underlying cause of the condition.
- There are two main types of NSAIDs: non-selective COX inhibitors, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin, and selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib. Non-selective NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which can effectively reduce inflammation and pain but may also interfere with the protective lining of the stomach, increasing the risk of gastrointestinal side effects like ulcers and bleeding. Selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed to reduce these gastrointestinal risks, though they may carry a higher risk of cardiovascular events in some individuals.
- While generally considered safe when used appropriately, NSAIDs can cause side effects, especially when taken for extended periods or in high doses. Common side effects include stomach pain, nausea, heartburn, and dizziness. More serious risks include gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and increased blood pressure. Because of these risks, NSAIDs should be used cautiously, especially in individuals with pre-existing conditions such as kidney disease, peptic ulcers, or cardiovascular disease.
- Overall, NSAIDs are valuable medications that offer effective symptom relief for a variety of inflammatory and painful conditions. However, their use should be guided by medical advice, especially for long-term treatment or in individuals at risk of complications.
