- Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with a molecular formula of C11H12Cl2N2O5 and a molecular mass of 323.13 g/mol.
- Its structure features a nitrobenzene ring linked to a dichloroacetyl group and a propanediol chain, which is critical for its antibacterial activity. This unique structure distinguishes it from other antibiotics and classifies it as a member of the amphenicol family.
- The antibiotic exerts its bacteriostatic action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It specifically binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptidyl transferase activity and blocking the elongation of peptide chains during translation. This mechanism effectively halts bacterial growth, particularly in rapidly dividing organisms.
- Chloramphenicol’s ability to penetrate bacterial cells efficiently contributes to its broad-spectrum activity.
- Chloramphenicol demonstrates activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including many aerobic and anaerobic organisms. It is particularly effective against Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhi, Neisseria meningitidis, and Rickettsia species.
- Its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier in significant concentrations makes it a valuable option for treating central nervous system infections, such as bacterial meningitis.
- The pharmacokinetic profile of chloramphenicol includes rapid absorption following oral or intravenous administration, extensive tissue distribution, and hepatic metabolism to an inactive glucuronide conjugate.
- It has a half-life of approximately 1.5 to 4 hours in adults, which can be prolonged in neonates or patients with hepatic impairment. Excretion occurs primarily via the kidneys.
- Despite its efficacy, its use is limited by potential adverse effects, including dose-dependent bone marrow suppression and the rare but serious risk of aplastic anemia.
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