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The brainstem is a critical, evolutionarily ancient structure located at the base of the brain, connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum…

The cerebellum is a vital structure of the brain located at the posterior base of the skull, beneath the occipital…

The cerebrum is the largest and most developed part of the human brain, accounting for approximately 80% of its total…

The skull is a complex bony structure in the human skeleton that serves as the protective casing for the brain,…

Estrogen is a group of steroid hormones that play a pivotal role in the development, regulation, and maintenance of the…

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that plays a central role in the female reproductive system, particularly in regulating the menstrual…

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a critical role in the early stages of pregnancy.  It…

The placenta is a unique, temporary organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and serves as the critical interface…

Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found within the hollow interior of certain bones, such as the pelvis, sternum,…

The vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are paired structures located within the larynx that play a central role…

The larynx, commonly known as the voice box, is a complex cartilaginous and muscular structure located in the neck, anterior…

Human Vocal Fold Epithelial Cell Human vocal fold epithelial cells form the outermost protective layer of the vocal folds (also…

Cell culture is a foundational technique in biological and biomedical research that involves the growth and maintenance of cells in…

Cell immortalization is a biological process where normal cells, which typically have a limited lifespan, are transformed into cells that…

Poliovirus is a highly infectious enterovirus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. It is a small, non-enveloped virus containing single-stranded RNA…