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Electric Dipole Moment
The electric dipole moment is a vector quantity that measures the separation of positive and negative charges within a system….
Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is a unique property exhibited by certain materials that generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress,…
Upper-Atmospheric Lightning
Upper-atmospheric lightning, also known as transient luminous events (TLEs), refers to a fascinating class of electrical phenomena that occur high…
Lightning Electromagnetics
Lightning electromagnetics refers to the study of the electromagnetic phenomena associated with lightning discharges. When lightning strikes, it releases not…
Energetic Radiation from Lightning
Lightning, beyond its stunning visual display and dramatic electrical discharge, also produces a variety of energetic emissions that span across…
Fulminology
Fulminology is the scientific study of lightning and related electrical phenomena in the atmosphere. The term is derived from the…
Lightning Power: Potential and Limitations
Lightning is one of nature’s most powerful and awe-inspiring phenomena, releasing vast amounts of electrical energy in an instant. A…
Lightning
Lightning is a sudden and powerful natural electrical discharge that occurs in the atmosphere, most commonly during thunderstorms. It results…
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a detailed, written set of instructions that documents a routine or repetitive activity within…
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a quality system of management controls for research laboratories and organizations to ensure the uniformity,…
ISO/IEC 17025
ISO/IEC 17025 is an international standard that specifies general requirements for the competence, impartiality, and consistent operation of testing and…
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃)
Calcium carbonate is a naturally occurring compound with the chemical formula CaCO₃, composed of calcium, carbon, and oxygen. It is…
Calcium Sulfate (CaSO₄)
Calcium sulfate, with the chemical formula CaSO₄, is an inorganic compound composed of calcium, sulfur, and oxygen. It occurs naturally…
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium phosphate refers to a family of minerals containing calcium ions (Ca²⁺) together with phosphate ions (PO₄³⁻), and sometimes hydrogen…
Calcium Carbide (CaC₂)
Calcium carbide, with the chemical formula CaC₂, is an inorganic compound consisting of calcium and carbon. It appears as a…