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Obesity is a complex, chronic medical condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat that poses a risk to an…

Siraitia grosvenorii, commonly known as monk fruit or luo han guo (罗汉果), is a small, round fruit native to southern…

Stevia rebaudiana is a perennial shrub belonging to the Asteraceae family, native to Paraguay and Brazil. It is most widely…

The ornithine cycle, also known as the urea cycle, is a crucial metabolic pathway that mammals use to eliminate excess…

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharides found in the extracellular matrix and on cell surfaces of all animals. These complex…

A cataract is an eye condition characterized by the clouding of the natural lens inside the eye, leading to decreased…

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from engineering, materials science, cell biology, and medicine to develop functional…

Emollients are substances that soften, smooth, and moisturize the skin by filling in the gaps between skin cells with lipids,…

Occlusive is a term primarily used in dermatology and skincare to describe substances or agents that form a physical barrier…

Propylene glycol is a synthetic, organic compound with the chemical formula C₃H₈O₂. It is a clear, colorless, odorless, and slightly…

Sorbitol is a type of sugar alcohol (polyol) commonly used as a sweetener, humectant, and texturizer in food, pharmaceutical, and…

Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH₂)₂. It is a colorless, odorless, and…

Hyaluronic acid (HA), also known as hyaluronan, is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan—a type of long-chain sugar molecule—found abundantly in the…

Polysorbates are a class of nonionic surfactants and emulsifiers widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries to stabilize…

An emulsifier is a substance that enables the stable mixing of two immiscible liquids—typically oil and water—by reducing surface tension…