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The GeneChip™ Human Exon 1.0 ST Array, developed by Affymetrix (now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific), is a high-resolution microarray…

Microarrays are powerful analytical tools used to simultaneously measure the expression levels, presence, or interactions of thousands of biological molecules—most…

Microarray immunoassay is an advanced, high-throughput technique used to simultaneously detect and quantify multiple biomolecules—such as proteins, antibodies, or antigens—on…

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a sophisticated and widely adopted analytical technique used to study biomolecular interactions in real time…

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive and specific technique used to measure minute concentrations of antigens—such as hormones, drugs, or…

An immunochromatographic assay (ICA), also commonly referred to as a lateral flow assay (LFA), is a rapid and user-friendly diagnostic…

Antineutrinos are the antimatter counterparts of neutrinos, possessing opposite quantum numbers but sharing many fundamental properties like near-zero mass and…

Neutrinos are fundamental particles that belong to the lepton family, known for their extremely small mass and neutral electrical charge….

An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net…

Atomic number is the fundamental property of an element that represents the number of protons in the nucleus of its…

An atom is the fundamental unit of matter that retains the chemical properties of an element. It consists of a…

A molecule is the smallest unit of a chemical compound that retains the chemical properties of that substance. It consists…

An electron is a fundamental subatomic particle carrying a negative electrical charge. It is one of the basic building blocks…

A proton is a stable, positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of all atoms. As one of the…

A neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge that resides in the nucleus of atoms alongside protons….