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Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a central metabolic pathway…
Endosymbiosis Theory
The Endosymbiosis Theory explains the evolutionary origin of eukaryotic cells, particularly their organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. This fundamental…
Electron Transport Chain
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a crucial component of cellular energy production, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of…
Warm-Blooded Animal Mitochondria Vs Cold-Blooded Animal Mitochondria
Criteria Warm-Blooded Animal Mitochondria Cold-Blooded Animal Mitochondria Remarks Thermoregulation Found in animals that maintain a constant internal body temperature (e.g.,…
Animal Mitochondria Vs Plant Mitochondria
Criteria Animal Mitochondria Plant Mitochondria Remarks Cell Type Found in animal cells Found in plant cells Both are double-membraned organelles…
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a unique genetic material found within cellular organelles called mitochondria. Unlike nuclear DNA, mtDNA is circular…
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication occurs independently from nuclear DNA replication and can take place even in non-dividing cells. The process…
Molecular Solute
Molecular solutes are non-ionic compounds that dissolve in a solvent, typically water, without breaking apart into ions, setting them apart…
Ionic Solute
Ionic solutes are compounds that dissociate into charged particles, or ions, when dissolved in a solvent, typically water, forming an…
Protein Folding
Protein folding is the complex process by which a linear chain of amino acids organizes itself into a specific three-dimensional…
Deuterium Lamp
A deuterium lamp is a specialized light source that produces continuous ultraviolet (UV) radiation, making it an essential component in…
Quartz Cuvette
Quartz cuvettes are precision optical cells designed for spectroscopic analysis, particularly in ultraviolet (UV) and visible light regions. These specialized…
Solvent
A solvent is a substance that dissolves other substances (solutes) to form solutions. Solvents are typically liquids but can also…
Chronic Gastritis
Chronic gastritis is a long-standing inflammation of the stomach lining (gastric mucosa) that develops gradually over time. Unlike acute gastritis,…
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder that occurs when stomach contents, including acid and sometimes bile, flow…