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Blood is a complex fluid containing various types of cells, each with distinct roles in maintaining homeostasis, immunity, and oxygen…

Cytotoxic T cells, also known as CD8+ T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are a crucial component of the…

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are specialized immune cells that serve as critical intermediaries between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Their…

Helper T cells, also known as Th cells or CD4+ T cells, are a subset of T lymphocytes that play…

T cells, or T lymphocytes, are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, playing a central role in cell-mediated…

Mucosal Immunity  Cell Types in Human Blood White Blood Cells (WBCs) Types of White Blood Cells   Neutrophils  Eosinophils  Basophils Monocytes…

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in the body’s immune system, particularly in…

Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils basophils Agranulocytes  Lymphocytes:  B cells T cells natural killer (NK) cells Monocytes:  Macrophages dendritic cells

Synonyms: Leukocytes, Leucocytes, White blood cells, WBCs White blood cells (WBCs) are essential components of the immune system, responsible for…

Nalidixic acid is a first-generation quinolone antibiotic with a molecular formula of C12H12N2O3 and a molecular mass of 232.24 g/mol….

Nitrofurantoin is a nitrofuran antibiotic with a molecular formula of C8H6N4O5 and a molecular mass of 238.16 g/mol. Its structure…

Piperacillin is a broad-spectrum ureidopenicillin antibiotic with a molecular formula of C23H27N5O7S and a molecular mass of 517.56 g/mol. Its…

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic with a molecular formula of C14H24N2O7 and a molecular mass of 332.35 g/mol. Its structure…

Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a molecular formula of C43H74N2O14 and a molecular mass of 843.06 g/mol. Its structure…

Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a molecular formula of C21H39N7O12 and a molecular mass of 581.57 g/mol. Its structure…