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Impact of Hypothermia on Cell Preservation
When cells are exposed to hypothermia (chilling to non-freezing temperatures), they undergo several structural and physiological changes. Prolonged exposure to…
Dynamic Nature of Cells in Culture
Cell culture is a dynamic and evolving process, where cells are not static entities but rather active participants in their…
Phage Display
Phage display is a powerful laboratory technique used to study protein interactions. Phage display involves expressing proteins or peptides of…
Immobilized Metal ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC)
IMAC is a powerful and versatile protein purification technique used to purify proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules that have an…
Adalimumab/Humira
Adalimumab is a monoclonal antibody, marketed under the brand name Humira. Adalimumab is marketed by the pharmaceutical company AbbVie. It…
Protein Engineering: Directed Evolution
As the name suggests, “Directed Evolution” is a powerful iterative approach in protein engineering that mimics the process of natural…
Protein Engineering
Protein engineering is a specialized area of biotechnology that focuses on the design, modification, and creation of proteins to enhance…
Plasmid Types Based on Plasmid-Encoded Traits
Plasmids represent diverse genetic elements that can be classified based on their encoded traits and functions, providing various advantages to…
Maintenance Plasmids
Key points Ensure plasmid stability Control copy number Regulate plasmid inheritance e.g., IncF Description Maintenance plasmids are specialized genetic elements…
Bacteriocin Plasmids
Produce antimicrobial proteins (bacteriocins) Provide competitive advantage Control local bacterial populations
Metabolic Plasmids
Enable specialized metabolic functions: Unusual substrate utilization Xenobiotic degradation Nitrogen fixation (rhizosphere bacteria) Polysaccharide degradation (marine bacteria) Environmental adaptations: Amino…
Virulence Plasmids
Enhance bacterial pathogenicity through: Fimbriae production Toxin synthesis Adhesion factors Host invasion mechanisms Critical in bacterial pathogenesis
Resistance (R) Plasmids
Confer antimicrobial resistance Carry genes for: Antibiotic resistance Heavy metal tolerance Biocide resistance UV radiation protection Particularly prevalent in: Clinical…
Conjugative Plasmids
Key Points Enable horizontal gene transfer through bacterial conjugation Contain tra genes for transfer apparatus Critical for bacterial evolution and…
Genetic Exchange in Bacteria: Lederberg and Tatum’s Pioneering Work
It was once thought that bacteria can only reproduce by division, leading to identical genetic make-up within populations. However, the…