Antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. A typical immunoglobulin, such as IgG, is a large protein made up of four polypeptide chains: two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains. These chains are linked by disulfide bonds, forming a Y-shaped structure. The two arms of the Y, known as the Fab fragments, consist of both light and heavy chains, while the stem, called the Fc fragment, is composed solely of heavy chains. Both covalent and noncovalent interactions between polypeptide chains stabilize antibody Y-shape structure.
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