Category: Lab Notes

R is a powerful tool for data analysis, statistics, and visualization. In this short tutorial, we will walk through a…

R is a programming language and environment designed for statistical computing, data analysis, and graphical visualization. It originated as an…

Lanthanides (57–71) Actinides (89–103)

A gravity anomaly is the difference between the observed gravitational acceleration at a specific location on Earth and the theoretical…

Geriatric epidemiology is the branch of epidemiology that focuses on the study of health and disease patterns, risk factors, and…

Pink hydrogen refers to hydrogen gas (H₂) that is produced via the electrolysis of water, using electricity generated from nuclear…

Photolithography is a critical fabrication technique used in microelectronics and nanotechnology to transfer intricate patterns onto a substrate, typically for…

Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor particles that exhibit unique quantum mechanical properties due to their extremely small size—typically ranging…

Molecular lithography is a nanofabrication technique that utilizes individual molecules or molecular assemblies as templates, masks, or patterning agents to…

Quantum tunneling is a fundamental phenomenon in quantum mechanics where a particle can pass through a potential energy barrier that…

Quantum sensors are advanced measurement devices that leverage the principles of quantum mechanics—such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum tunneling—to achieve…

X-rays are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, occupying the region of…

Wavelength is a fundamental concept in wave physics, describing the spatial distance between two successive points in phase on a…

An electric field is a fundamental physical entity that exists around electrically charged objects, creating a region of influence where…

A magnetic field is a fundamental force of nature that creates a region of influence in the space around magnetic…