Category: Lab Notes

Plasmids are extrachromosomal, double-stranded DNA molecules that are typically covalently closed and circular in structure.

pEC156 ColE1 pCoo REFERENCES Werbowy & Kaczorowski, 2016. Plasmid pEC156, a Naturally Occurring Escherichia coli Genetic Element That Carries Genes…

Resistance to antibiotics Production of antibiotics Degradation of complex organic compounds Production of bacteriocins Production of enterotoxins Restriction and modification…

cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI) CagA Flagella IceA LPS Lewisx,y antigens Neutrophil-activating protein (NAP) Outer inflammatory protein (OipA) PicB Peptidoglycan…

NOTES Helicobacter pylori   Helicobacter species Discovery of Helicobacter pylori Co-evolution of Helicobacter pylori and Modern Humans List of Helicobacter pylori…

Helicobacter pylori was discovered by J R Warren and B Marshall. Their work was published in 1983 in a Journal “The Lancet”.

Different strains of Helicobacter pylori exhibit high genetic heterogeneity. REFERENCES Research Articles Alm et al., 2000. Comparative genomics of Helicobacter…

Helicobacter pylori secretes a urease enzyme that converts urea into ammonia and bicarbonate. This helps to neutralize gastric acid.

Barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2] is an inorganic compound of three elements: Barium, Oxygen, and Hydrogen. The molecular weight of Barium hydroxide is 171.3418 which can be calculated by adding up the total weight (atomic weight multiplied by their number) of Barium, Oxygen, and Hydrogen.

Note: 10x PCR Buffer for Taq DNA Polymerase can be purchased from the following suppliers. You must visit the supplier’s product…

Barium bromide [BaBr2] is an inorganic compound of two elements: Barium and Bromine. The molecular weight of Barium bromide is 297.135 which can be calculated by adding up the total weight (atomic weight multiplied by their number) of Barium and Bromine.

Ammonium persulfate [(NH4)2S2O2] is an inorganic compound of four elements: Nitrogen, Sulfur, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. The molecular weight of Ammonium persulfate is 228.20468 which can be calculated by adding up the total weight (atomic weight multiplied by their number) of Nitrogen, Sulfur, Hydrogen,  and Oxygen.

Ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4) is an organic compound of four elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen. The molecular weight of Ammonium acetate is 77.08294 which can be calculated by adding up the total weight (atomic weight multiplied by their number) of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.

Clustal Omega CLUSTALW  COBALT (Constraint-based Multiple Alignment Tool)

Note: Agarose (for protein analysis) can be purchased from the following suppliers. You must visit the supplier’s product page to…